Full text of "History of the town of Durham, N. C., embracing biographical sketches and engravings of leading business men, and a carefully compiled business directory of Durham, to which is annexed a compilation of useful information in relation to the cultivation, curing and manufacture of tobacco in North Carolina and Virginia, by Hiram V. Paul"

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ALEX.H.S'lPHENS.

Alkxakdcb H. SriPHms, E<-Oovernar
of (ieorgia, writes:

I have been for over twenty
years a constant smoker. 1 fiM' n
Blaokwcll's Durham that trui: v-
cellence founU in no other brainl —
uniformity ; every package being
the same. I can sm«ku it at all
times, day and night, with im-
punity' ; it aci-; as a mild and pleas-
ant stiraultmt. always quiets my
nerves, and in no m-.t;,' disagrees
with mc. It is a great comforter,
rpurc, sweet andjnild smo^:n.

L*.

PRICE, IN CLOTH. »4.00: IN BOARD, •3.00.

JOHN L. MARKHAM,

Main Street, Durham, N. C.

Gleneral Merchandise !

Guarantees to mriii>h anyarticle of the best goody

at the h)\vest cash pric(% kept in the

following (le|iartm(MitH:

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC'DRY GOODS

AND FANCY NOTIONS,

Ladies' Cloaks. Ulsters, Hosiery, Gloves and Underwear.

FINE BOOTS AND SHOES,

For men, boys, ynutJis, hidies, misses and chihiren.

Hats, and Gents' Furnishing Goods.

TXT'ood. a^nd. "V\7"illo-\?s7- "^^TT'a.re,

BASKETS, CROCKERY AND GLASS WARE.

HARDWARE, TINWARE,

Looking Glasses and Clocks.

Heavy and Fancy Groceries.

BUILDING AND PAINTING MATERIAL, NISSEN

WAGONS, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS,

ENGINES AND SAW MILLS.

Sta.n.c^Q.rd. ZE^ertilizers- "

Any article not kept in my stock will l)e furnished on
short notice at lowest cash [)rice. Special attention given
to buying and selling Coiton.

Respertluily, JOHN L. MARKHAM.

'9i

Brick Warehouse,

DURHAM, N. G.

Hsadquartsrs for ths Sals of Lsaf Tobacco.

Sells more Tobacco than any other Warehouse in North
CaroHna or Virginia, and makes the biggest averages.

THE OLDEST YZAREH0U3E FIRM IN DURHAM.

Sold nearly eight million pounds of Tobacco last year
for about one million dollars.

Always Sell at Parrish's Warehouse,

And you will be sure to get Full Market Prices.

Mark your name on each package and give full instruc-
tions by mail.

■ Prompt Returns and Highest Prices Guaranteed.

f '

J. Southgate & Son,

LIFE, FIEE A^D ACCIDENT

Rooms in the Rigsbee Building, corner Main and

Mangum Streets,

DURHAM, N. C.

Thirty of the largest and best Life and Fire
Companies represented, having combined Capi-
tal and Assets of more than

^soo,oo.o,ooo.

JNSURASCE EFFECTED AT SHORT NOTICE

— AND—

First-class Indemnity Guaranteed.

W. T. BLACKWELL, President.

P. A. WILEY, Cashier.

ANK OF Durham,

Durham, N. C,

The undersigned has opened, in the Town of Durham,
N. C, a Banking House, under the name and title of " The
Bank of Durham," with ample means for the transaction of
a Geiieral Banking Business.

The business of the Bank is conducted by P. A. WiLEY
Esq., for thirteen years Cashier of the Citizens National
Bank, of Raleigh, N. C

Ws Buy and Sail Stocks and Bonds,

MAKE COLLECTIONS ON ALL ACCESSIBLE
POINTS, AT THE LOWEST RATES.

Negotiate Loans, Discount Paper,

Buy and Sell Exchange, Receive Deposits,

Payable on demand or otherwise as may be agreed upon,
>and do such other legitimate business as may be offered in
the line of Banking.

W. T. BLACKWELL, President.
P. A. WILEY, Cashier.

S. T. MORGAN, ETJG. MOREHEAD,

President. Yice-Pres. and Treas.

W. M. MORGAN, Secretary.

^E^iAi^K

'4'k^'\^. ill ^s- z^ y^y

A FEW REASONS FOR USING

Durham Bull Fertilizer:

1. It is composed of the very best recognized materials for Fertilizer with the
addition of Tobacco Stems, which is of itself one of the best Fertilizers.

2. We guarantee the purity of all our goods.

3. They are as free from water and dirt as is possible for us to make them.

4. It is- a home industry and merits the patronage of home people.

5. It is as cheap as any first-class goods on the market.

6. Our goods prove equal to any on the market, as is evidenced by the lead-
ing Tobacco planters in the fine Tobacco section of North Carolina who have
fully tested our goods.

CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS OF
By LEDOUX k RICKETTS.

X)a.te5., XTe-wr "^orlr, ^©"cx-uLary ©, l.SS-5;-
Moisture, ...----

Potash, - - - - -

Nitrogen, 2.25, equivalent to Ammonia, ...

Total Phosphoric Acid, 8.34, equivalent to Bone Phosphate,
Soluble Phosphoric Acid, 4.4S, equivalent to Bone Phosphate,
Insoluble Phosphoric i\cid, 0.50, equivalent to Bone Phosphate, -
Reverted Phosplioric Acid, 3.36, equivalent to Bone Phosphate,
Available Phosphoric Acid, 7.S4, equivalent to Bone Phosphate, -

LEDOUX & RiCKETTS,
To Durham Fertilizer Co,, Durham, N. C.

m.^

II. 66
2.45.
3.0^

18.2a
9-78
1.09

7-33
17.11

[Seal]

Fire Insurance Company,

$4,126,000.

Represented by J. J. Mackay.

Insurance Company

Of North Aiiiorioa.

^3,000,000.

KEl'UK.SKNTEl) BY J. J. 7.IACKAY.

Crescent Insurance Co.

Of Xcw Oilcans.

^eoo,ooo-

KF.PKES?:NTE7-) hv .i. j. mackay.

GENERAL

Office next to Tafum's, Main Sirset,

ZD"crss:E3:.-^iv£, int. o.

LiYerpocl and London

AND GLOBE,

^33,000,000

REPRESENTED BY

J. J. MACKAY,

DURHAM, N. C.

FIRE

imum ASSOCIATION

OF LONDON.
^337,^07.35.

REPRESENTED BY J. J. MACKAY.

BcanSB.

list Mm Siiiiar

A SCHOOL OF HIGH GRADE,

Durham, N. C.

Mrs. JULIA R. WILLIAMS,
Principal.

Miss LESSIE SOUTHGATE,
Musical Director and Calisthenics.

Tuition, Primar};- Department, ^lO-OC

Intermediate Department, 12.50

Collegiate Department, 1 5.00

Extra branches at usual rates.
Vocal Music and Calesthenies free.

Good Board in nice respectable families, with home comforts, at
Reasonable Rates.

H^^^ For particulars, address

The Principal,

Or J. S. CASE, Chairman Board of Trustees.

Fall Session begins the first Monday in September, 1884,
and continues twenty weeks. Spring Session begins Jan-
uary 5th, 1885 ; ends on the last Tuesday in May.

It is desirable that all pupils be present at the opening of
the session.

H. M. SMITH & CO.,

MANUFACTURERS OF

Iron-Back Shapes

Tobacco Factory Fixtures.

We make a specialty of Iron-Back Shapes, and have had larger experience in
their manufacture than any other establishment in the world. We have new
machinery specially adapted for this branch of manufacture, much of which is
the invention of our senior partner. By the use of this machinery we aie
enabled to turn out Shapes that cannot be excelled in accuracy, ease of work-
inland durability. We can safely promise that those who favor us with their
orders will get the best work that can be made. The prices we quote include
for each set of Shapes a Top Block, Bottom Board, and full set of Russia Sheets.

Wc deliver free on board of cars, and make no charge for packing or boxing.

N. B. — Letters of inquiry promptly answered.

Complete Outfits for the manufacture of Smoking Tobacco always on hand.

ELEVATORS FOR STEAM OR HAND TOWER MADE IN THE
BEST MANNER.

Manufacturers are invited to send for Tobacco Catalogue.

1532 Main Street, Richmond, Va.

(P. 0. BOX 8.)

JOHN S. LOOKHART,

PROPRIETOR.

Banner Warehouse,

FOR THE

mlilll

K R. Ipiv fill iTi %m mm

Pej'sonal Attention given to all Shipments.

Quick Sales and Prompt Returns.

C. C. T^YLC

Main Street, Durham, N. C.

StoYGS, Tin and Sheet -Iron Ware.

TOBACCO FLUES A SPECIALTY.
Roofing and Guttering promptly attended to.

Richmond StraieM Cut Ho. 1

Cigarette Smokers who are willing to pay a little more for Cigarettes than
the price charged for the ordinary trade Cigarettes will find the

RICHMOND STRAIGHT CUT No. I

SrrERIOll TO ALL OTHERS.

They are made from the brightest, most delicately flavored and
HIGHEST cost GOLD LEAK GROWN in Virginia, and are absolutely wiTHofT

ADfLTERATION Or drUgS.

We use the Genuine French Rice Paper, of our own direct importation,
which is made especially for us, water-makkkd with the name of the brand —

RICHMOND STRAIGHT CUT No. I,

on each Cigarette, without which none are genuine. Base imitations of this
brand have been put on sale, and Cigarette Smokers are cautioned that this is
the Old and Original brand, and to observe that each package or box of

Richmond Straight Cut Cigarettes

bears the signature of

ALLEN & GINTER, Manufacturers,

RICHMOND, VA.

ALSO

3IAXUFACTUIIEBS OF THE FOLLOWING BliAXDS

OPERA PUFFS,

OUR LITTLE BEAUTIES,

(Flat and Round),
RICHMOXD STRAIGHT CUT, Xo. 1.

RICHMOND GEM.

PERFECTION, etc., &c.

OLD RIP LONG CUT. RICHMOND GEM CURLY CUT,

RICHMOND GEM MILD. RICHMOND STRAIGHT CUT, No. J.
RICHMOND CAVENDISH, Nos. 1 and 2,

RICHMOND GEM MIXTURE,

HAVANA MIXTURE,

TURKISH MIXTURE,

PERIQUE MIXTURE,
IMPERIAL BIRDS EYE,

BUDS AND BLOSSOMS,

KILLICKINICK, &c., &C.

xirham, M^ C»

9 ««B

LEA k WARREH, Proprietors.

The Highest Market Prices

ALWAYS OBTAINED

FOR ALL GRADES OF TOBACCO,

Our facilities for the accommodation of Farmers

are ample and unsurpassed for comfort and

convenience.

TJie extensively knoivn and i^opular A^ictioneer,

Sells exclusively for this House,

Hstablislie^L 1878.

EUGENE MOREFIEAD, GARRARD S. WATTS

Durham, N. C. Baltimore Co., Md.

iEugene Moreliead & Co.,

Durham^ M. Cr.

TRANSACT A BANKING BUSINESS IN ITS FULL
SCOPE AND IMPORT.

Ample Money. Ample Facilities. Correspondence Soliciied.

Cashier,

Assistant Cashier, W. M. MORGAN.

Teller, VV. W. AvERY.

Book-keeper, ... W. W. PATTERSON.

Book-keeper, R. H. J. Blount.

Corresponding Clerk, ..H. I. DURHAM.

CORRESPONDENTS :
New York,... DONNELL, Lawson & SiMPSON.

Philadelphia, The Central National Bank.

Richmond, The First National Bank.

Special auJ ProDiDt Attention liyeu to all Collections,

ESPECIALLY ON

All points in Caswell, Person, Orange, Durham, Alamance and
Chatham Counties.

ESTABLISHED 18G5.

STANDARD GUAuANTEED.

"STAH BSAND" SPEOIAL CCMPL3TE MANURES

For each of the following Crops :

Toiiaccs, Wiieat, Caitoii, Cora, Oats, Yeptalite aM drass.

OFFICE: 1322 Cary Street; FACTOEY: Opposite Eocketts,

RICHMOND, VA.

Esta!Dlislhed 1865.

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MANUFACTURED BY

The R« F. Morris i Son Maniifaoturing Company,

DURHABVI, N. C.

Also Manufacturers of the celebrated •' Gold Leaf," and Bear, Durham and
Scotch Snuffs.

H, P. EDMOND,

(Successor to EWnger and EdmoncJ.)

MANUFACIURER OF

Improved Tobacco E^achinery,

Steam Licorice Kettles, Power Elevators,

Hogshead Screws, Wringers,
Spice Grinders, Lump Machines, &c.

Send for Cataloiiuc.

W* WU SONS ^ 00.

MANUFACTURERS OF

Smoking Tobacco and CigaretteSj

AH goods containing the name of this firm are fully guaranteed to be equal
to any in the world. Their Cigarettes have been before the public for three
years, and are now the most popular on the market, because they are manufac-
tured from the best and purest material and reliable in every respect.

H I ST p

TOWN OFDUR

EMBRACING

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES AND ENGRAVINGS

Leading Business Men,

AND A CAREFULLY COMPILED

BUSINESS DIRECTORY OF DURHAM,

TO WHICH IS ANNEXED A COMPILATION OF USEFUL INFORMATION
IN RELATION TO

THE CULTIVATION, CURING AND MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO

IN NORTH CAROLINA AND VIRGINIA.

By HIRAM V. PAUL.

RALEIGH :

EDWARDS, EROUOnTON & CO., STEAM PRINTERS AND BINDERS.
1884.

Entered actordliig to Act of Congfess In the J'ear 1884, by

HIRAM V. PAUL,
111 the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington;

suitROK Giles uth.cs mv

List of Engravings.

fc:
R(St9,

Frontispiece.— Col. D. C. PARPJSH, . . . o

BLACKWELL, Willi.^m T. .... 50

CAER, JuLUN S. - - - - - - 1.33

DUKE, Washington - - - . . 150

GREEX, Caleb B. - - - - - - 139

MOREHEAD, Eugene - - - - - 137

PARRISH, Edward J. - - - - - - 144

SOUTHGATE, James 139

PREFATORY.

As a factor in the development of one of the leading in-
dustries of North Carolina and our beloved Southland, the
faithful historian will cheerfully accord to the city of Dur-
ham a conspicuous position in the annals of the " Old
North State." While on the one hand thousands of our
farmers are to-day standing upon the brink of bankruptcy
through the inordinate mortgage excise demanded by King
Cotton, on the other hand equally as many have come up
from theSahara of adversity unto the translucent fountain of
prosperity and contentment through the beneficent influ-
ence of the " weed." As a principal concomitant in event-
uating this happy era in the New South, and especially the
industrial interests of this State, and because she has done
immeasurably more, through her lavish and judicious sys-
tem of advertising, to attract the notice of capitalists and in-
duce immigration from the nations of the earth, Durham is
eminentlj^ entitled to honorable historic mention, and the
following pages are but a feeble attempt to accord plenary
justice to her great leading spirits and enterprises. Her
Carrs, Blackwells, Dukes and Parrishes, actuated by a lofty
State pride, and a sincere desire to advance the best inter-
ests of all classes, have freely and unstintingly utilized their
energies, brains and money, elevating Durham to the front
rank of the Tobacco Marts of the world.

Our tobacco interests are so intimately entwined about
those of our sister State, Virginia, that the undersigned
did not feel justified in quitting the subject without accord-
ing to her appropriate notice. The facts set forth in the
following pages have been collected at considerable expense
and research, and the highest authorities only, both in this
State and Virginia, have been consulted.

Prefatory.

Great pains have been taken to collect such information
as shall render this volume not only interesting but usfful
alike to the manufacturer, dealer and planter. The atten-
tion of the planter is invited especially to Part III — the
History and Culture of Tobacco — and more particularly to
the article on "Soils," page 169, as the judicious selection
of soil is a vital element of success. The information con-
tained in this entire Department is the very cream of the
best authority, treated under the various sub-heads, from
the selection and j)reparation of soil until the planter shall
have deposited his tobacco with the warehousemen of Dur-
ham, where the very highest prices are always guaranteed.
As the success of this great, leading industry is predicated
upon judicious cultivation, the author would respectfully
and earnestly urge the planter to familiarize himself with
the instructions and suggestions offered in this Department,
which is divided into two chapters, and sub divided and
classified under appropriate sub-heads.

To the critic, and especially the hypercritic, the author
desires to acknowledge frankly that there are mistakes and
deficiencies. But " to err is human." This is no attempt at
a literary cowp de maitre,hut simply a collection of facts and
figures which are matters of pertinent record, the whole
being permeated and dictated by a sincere desire to promote
tile interests of Durham as a city, and his fellow-citizens of
North Carolina as a State.

To his friends, who will cheerfully cast the. mantle of
charity over all short-comings, and who have not only en-
couraged him by good wishes, but substantial assistance, he
would tender his most unfeigned and heartfelt thanks. The
remembrance of their kind offices will ever occup}'' one of
the brightest pages in life's little ephemeris.

Very truly, &c., H. V. PAUL.

Durham, N. C, May 24th, 1884.

Table of Contents,

PAGE.

List of Engravings ni

Prefatory IV

Table of Contents vi

Memoir of the Author viil

Proemial Historic Facts xiil

Advertisements.

Allen, Jones & Co 253

Allison & Addison 12

Allen & Ginter 9

Argo, T. M 245

Atwater & Wyatt 24

Bank of Durham 3

Blackwell's Durham Tob. Co 2i

Baucom, J. M 245

Briggs & Sons, T. H 228

Christian, Wilkerson & Co 157

Dike, James 242, 251

Duke Sons & Co., W 14

Duke, B. L 252

Durham Fertilizer Co 4

Edmonds, H. P 13

Farmer & Mechanic, Raleigh . . . 241

Green, Lucius 248

Herndon, W. R 255

HoUoway, Charles 252

Howerton cS: Bro., R. T 253

Dottier, Lawrence 251

Lewellin Charles H 245

Lyon, A. M 250

Mackay, J. J 5

^1 angum, P. J 254

Markham, John L cover

Morehead & Co., Eugene 11

Morris & Sons, R. F 12

Mayo, P. H 248

Mallery, J. T 245

Manning & Manning 246

News & Observer, Raleigh ...... 246

Ober & Sons, G 255

O'Brien & Co., C. J 254

Ott, John 22

Pace & Sizer 22

Parrish, E. J 2

Perry, R. S 250

Pinnix, J. T 250

Pogue, E. H 247

Rochelle, C. W 246

Reams, H. A 250

PAGE.

Reid, Morton V/. 247

Roberts, Loyd & Co 24

School, Durham Graded 23

Sears, A. A 252

Seminary, Methodist Female. ... 6

Siegel Bros 250

Smith, H. M 7

Southgate & Son, Jas 2, 82, gS

Styron & Co., W. R 253

Taylor, C. C 8

Tobacco Plant, Durham. ...... 249

Utley, M. D., E. B 252

Warehouse, E. J. Parrish's 2

Warehouse, Banner 8

Warehouse, Reams 10

Whitted, James Y 243. 256

Williams & Co., Alfred 249

Younger, C. G 252

PART FIRST.

PAGE.

Chapter I.

Gleanings from Early Settlers —
Origin of Durham and Durham
Smoking Tobacco — Incorpora-
tion and Organization of the
Town and County of Durham
— The Graded School — Asses-
sed Ante-Bellum Valuations —
The Colored Race 25-49

Chapter II.

The Blackwell Litigation — The
Origin of and Title to the use
of the word Durham, and the
Durham Bull, as Trade-Marks
for Smoking Tobacco 50-77

Chapter III.

Durham Fires — The Methodist
Female Seminary — The Lyce-
um— The Post Office-The Rev-
enue Office — Newspapers. . . .78-88

Chapter IV.

Religious Denominations 88-92

Chapter V.

Tobacco Board of Trade — Ware-
houses 93-98

Chapter VI.

Tobacco Factories-Opening Sales
New Banner Warehouse — The
Durham and Franklinton Rail-
road 99-123

Table of Contents.

vir

PART SECOND.
Biographical Sketclies.

PAGE

Carr, Julian S 133

Blackwcll, William T 130

Duke, Washington 150

Green, John R 139

Green, Caleb B 142

Fuller, Bartholomew 154

Jones, Thomas D 141

Lockhart, J. S 155

Mangum, William 128

Morehead, Eugene 137

Panish, D. C 124

Parrish, E. J 144

Soulhgate, James 138

Webb & Kramer 156

Whitakcr, Jr.. J. B 14S

PART THIRD.

Tlie Tobacco Interests of >\ C.

Chapter I.

Early History— Modern Progress-
Tobacco Area — Mode of Con-
ducting Trade — Culture and
Curing — Grades, Prices, Soil
Analyses, etc 158-189

Chapter II.

Important Information Seed

Beds — Insect Enemies of the
Tobacco Plant — The Diseases
of the Plant — The Bonsack
Cigarette Machine 189-209

PART FOURTH.

The Tobacco Interests of Virginia.

Chapter I. Page.

Richmond — Sketches of Leading
Tobacco Manufacturers — Leaf
Dealers — Cigar and Cigarette
Manufacturers — Manufacturers
of Plug and Smoking Tobac-
co 209-217

Chapter II.

Brief History of Types of To-
bacco Produced in Virginia and
Maryland — Quality of Tobac-
co— Soils 217-223

ADDENDA ET ERRATA.

The Durham Light Infantry .... 224
The Durham Female Seminary. . 227
Errata 227

PART FIFTH.
Business Directory of Durham.

PAGE.

Attorneys at Law 235

Banking Houses 231

Benevolent Organizations 233

Books and Stationery 239

Blacksmith Shops 241

Builders and Contractors 240

City Government 229

County Government 229

Carriage and Wagon Factories. . . 240

Commission Merchants 238

Candy Factory 251

Cigar and Plug Tobacco Factories 231

Colored Churches 234

Colored Schools 235

Dentists 240

Dry Goods 237

Drug Stores 233

Durham Cotton Manufact'g Co. . 232

Durham Water W'orks 231

Educational Institutions 234

Fertilizer Companies 23S

Foundry and Machine Shop 241

Furniture Dealers 238

General Merchandise 235

Hotels and Boarding Houses. . . . 237

Harness and Saddleiy 239

Herbalists 240

Hucksters and Meat Venders. . .. 241

Hardware Dealers 239

Insurance Companies 236

Insurance Agencies 238

Job Printing Offices 240

Livery and Exchange Stables. . . . 240

Liquor Dealers 241

Merchant Tailors 240

Milliner^' 237

Newspapers 232

Photographers 240

Post Office 232

Physicians 233

Revenue Office 232

Religious Denominations 234

Restaurants 237

Steam and Gas Fitters 240

Sash, Door and Blind Factories. . 239

Southern Express Co 238

Stone and ^Iarble Works 238

The Durham Woolen and Wooden

Mills Co 232

Tonsorial Artists 241

Tobacco Board of Trade 229

Tobacco P'actories 230

Tobacco Warehouses 230

Undertakers and Cabinet-Makers 239

Watchmakers and Jewelers 239

Memoir of the Author.

BY JAMES DIKE, A. M.

Since the "History and Directory of Durham" contains
far more literary matter than is usually found in a book of
this character, and consequently requires a high order of
ability in the author, its wide circle of patrons and readers
will very properly desire a sketch of his life, and to be made
acquainted with his special training and fitness for the
labor he has chosen.

Hiram Voss Paul is the youngest son of Rev. Hiram
Gooding Paul, for thirty years pastor of the Baptist church
of New Berne, N. C, He was born February 8th, 1848, and
is of Scotch-Irish descent, his forefathers, McCotter and
Paul, in 1663, being among the first settlers of what was
then known as the "Albemarle C'olony," so named in honor
of the Duke of Albemarle, during the reign of Charles II,
King of England.

Mr. Paul received his early instruction from Professor
Daugherty, at the New Berne Academy, and was fitted for
college at Lenoir Institute. But a sad event occured at this
time which interfered with his collegiate course. On the
8th of July, 1865 — just one year after the death of his
mother — his affectionate and doting father was called to his
reward in the Upper and Better Sanctuary, One of the
greatest desires of this able and faithful Ambassador of
Christ, was that his son should follow him in the sacred
office of the ministry. He had made ample provision with
the late beloved Dr. Craven for his son to enter Trinity
when the blessed Master called him home. This was a
dreadful blow, as his guardian took little or no interest in
his educational advancement. The arrangements which

Memoir of the Author. ix

were made with Dr. Craven were revoked, and young Ki-
RAM placed in a printing office, under John Spellman, Esq.,
then editor and proprietor of the New Berne Commercial.
This action was vehemently opposed by his relatives and
friends, but without avail. And surely there was no sound
reason for such extraordinary conduct on the part of his
guardian, as by will his father had mnde ample provision
for his maintenance and schooling. It was a mean disre-
gard of the expreised and well-known wishes of his father
Nevertheless, although he was obliged to forego a collegiate
course, he never lost his love of knowledge and availed him-
self of every opportunity to gratify and improve it. He
was a close reader, and manifested decided taste and ability
for literary pursuits. At the age of 19 he wrote a poem,
entitled "The Sea of Life," which was extensively published
both north and south; from which we make the following
extract:

"Oh, sea of life, what complex billows rise
Upon thy bosom, ever frauglit with songs and sighs,
How oft bright, fickle sunbeams tremble on the wave
Which murmur's o'er Hope's early melancholy grave !

How oft the sweetest warbler, thro' springtime's subtle charms
And over- venturous wing, is caught amid the storms
That sweep life's little sea. Ah, evermore
Its tender bones lie bleeching on the shore.

Just as the beams of Hope in rapture kiss the wave
The requiem of Despair floats o'er a coral grave !
Where'er the tender buds in richest beauty ope'
We find the drooping, wither'd leaves of dying hope !

To love — oh spell divine — youth's halcyon dream;
Could we but always "wake and find things what they seem
'Twould extract from each wave its poignant, bitter spray.
As o'er the sea of life our spirits glide away.

A dear, impassioned look, and tender words and tears

Well up within the soul thro' long and weary years;

These, treasured up in memory's casket fair,

Through dreamy spirit-eyes, are smiling on us there !

And teach us that when we have passed thro' Death's cold gloom

The drooping buds of love and hope shall wear eternal bloom. "

The spirit-wail over the one great misfortune of his life !

re.

History of Durham.

It seems to have been dictated by his sad disappointment.
There is a melancholy sweetness about this little poetic
gem which will doubtless vibrate upon some tender, sym-
pathetic cord in every reader's heart. That the develop-
ment of such manifest abilities should have been thus rudely
impeded was not only a great misfortune but a positive
crime, and displayed a littleness of soul in the guardian
truly deplorable.

In 1869 Mr. Paul commenced the study of theology
under the Rev. Edward M.Forbks, D. D., Rector of Christ
Church, New Berne. In 1871 he visited a paternal uncle
in New York City, and being well pleased with this great
city, from the many and rare opportunities it afforded for
the prosecution of his studies, he remained nearly three
years. During his stay he established a very interesting
and ably edited journal — " TAe Evolutionist" — devoted to
the Evangelical Temperance Alliance, published at No.
22, Barclay street. In the latter part of 1872, his office
'was entirely destroyed by fire. In the meantime he had
resumed his theological studies under the Rev. Dr. Chas.
F. Deems. From 1872 to 1877 he traveled considerably.
While in New York, one of his poems, entitled "Alone,"
by chance fell into the hands of the well-known authoress,
Mrs. Hale, who was so well pleased with it as to insert it
in the columns of the Waverly Magazine, one of the most
chaste and high-toned literary magazines of the country.
This was the first channel of note opened to his poetic ge-
nius. His poems, sketches and stories soon gained welcome
reception by some of the best magazines and periodicals of
the day. Besides this wide field of usefulness, Mr. Paul
was employed by the Harper Brothers, Moses Dow and
other large firms, thus gaining important business knowl-
edge.

Mr. Paul has acted in the capacity of Editor of the
following Democratic and literarys journals : The New York

Memoir of the Author. xi

^Evolutionist, 22 Barclay street, N. Y. ; The Oak City Item^
The Evening Dispatch, Tlie Evening Post, and The North Car-
olina Prohibitionist, Raleigh, N. C.

The mission of the Daily Evening Dispatch was the
vindication of the interests of the people of North Car-
olina against foreign grasping railroad syndicates — an in-
veterate opponent of the sale of the State's interest in the
Western North Carolina Railroad, In this contest he secured
the following able correspondents: Hon. VV. T. Dortch.
Judge McRae, and Maj. Wm. A. Hearne. Mr. Paul is a
bold, logical and exceedingly entertaining writer, and as
an evidence of the strong influence his paper was wielding
against the interests of the B^^st syndicate, means were emr
ployed which culminated in the suspension of his paper.
Upon the expiration of the lease of material with which
the paper was printed, the News Publishing. Company, which
started out in opposition to the sale, but soon went over
body and soul to the Syndicate, refused to grant a further
lease ; and thus a commendable enterprise, with as fair
prospects as any newspaper ever started in Raleigh, was
choked down in its very infancy by a foreign soulless cor-
poration ; and thus the people lost an able, staunch and
fearless exponent of their rights and interests. The firm
was composed of three worthy but poor young men : Messrs.
Paul, Collins and Harper.

The next enterprise upon which Mr. Paul embarked was
the Evening Post, with Major Wm. A. Hearne, one of the
ablest writers in the State. The Post was Democratic in
politics ; but its special mission was the advocacy of Hon.
Daniel G Fowle and Julian S. Carr, for Governor and
Lieutenant Governor; gentlemen whom the writer believes
could have polled more votes than any other two men in the
State.

And last, but not least, Mr. Paul engaged in the publi-
cation of the North Carolina Prohibitionist, which had an

XII History of Durhi.m:.

extensive circulation throughout the State, and is acknowl-
edged to have accomplished much good in the Temperance
cause.

In 1869 Mr. Paul published a volume of his poems at
New Berne, N. C. These poems have been much admired
and added largely to his reputation as a writer and thinker
of fine literary taste.

Many positions of prominence have been acceptably filled
by the subject of this sketch. His association with promi-
nent writers and speakers of many States has given him a
varied and valuable experience, and he has brought to his
work of writing a history of the wonderfully enterprising
town of Durham, rare qualities of mind and ripe training.

While many other towns have been vegetating merely,
Durham has been making history, not only for herself, but
for the entire State. She has virtually, through her judi-
cious and lavish system of advertising, introduced North
Carolina to the world. As Mr. J. S. Carr once very perti-
nently remarked: " When it has come to such a pass, that
from an insignificant railroad station we can within fifteen
years cause a man in London or San Francisco to put on
his hat and walk out of his office, saying, * I am going to Dur-
ham, N. C, on important business; ' when firms that a few
years ago were comparatively young, have Cable addresses,
I assert with emphasis, that we have the matter of a great
and grand future in our own hands." Durham deserved a
worthy historian, and is sigularly fortunate in securing one
so able and accomplished as the subject of this imperfect
sketch.

Proemial Historic Facts.

THE OLD BENNETT HOUSE— CLOSING SCENE OF THE
LATE CIVIL WAR— AN HISTORIC BOTTLE.

The following historic facts were collated for the *' His-
tory of Durham " by our courteous and talented townsman,
Garland E. Webb, Esq.:

Nineteen years ago, the 26th of April, there occured
about 3| miles from Durham, one of the closing scenes
of that great drama known in American history as the
" War Between the States." Sherman's army was encamped
here, the place being known then as " Durham's Sta-
tion," and was a small place of perhaps not more than
200 inhabitants. Johnston with his army was encamped
near Hillsboro. The war was fast coming to a close. Lee
had surrendered, and what remained of the brave Southern
army were disheartened and ready to surrender at the first
opportunity, and on the 2Gth of April, 1865, General John-
ston surrendered his army to General Sherman at Greens-
boro, N. C, but the capitulation was arranged at what was
known as the Bennett House, about 3^ miles from Dur-
ham. It was here that the two great Generals met and ne-
gotiated the terms of peace, and it was here at this plain
old farm house the curtain fell upon the last act of that
terrible drama, and the dark clouds, that had so long hung
gloomily over the heads of our people, began to clear away,
and a new era commenced to dawn upon the South.

THE PLACE OF CAPITULATION.

Our chronicler being anxious to visit this historic spot,
accepted an invitation from Mr. Thomas D. Jones, a wealthy

XIV History of Durham.

tobacco dealer of Durham, and who is the proud owner of
the identical bottle from which the two Generals drank to
each other's health upon the memorable occasion of which
we now write. Mr. C. B. Green, editor of the Durham
plant, and who is also a Justice of the Peace, accompanied
us, for the purpose of taking the affidavit of a daughter of
old man Bennett, as to the genuineness of the above men-
tioned bottle. An hour's drive through an improved and
prosperous country, brought us to the spot. As we glanced
around, there was little to indicate the historic associations
ccrnnected with the place. The house is a plain, old-fash-
ioned, unpretending structure, devoid of paint without and
within, but neatness and a certain degree of rustic taste was
manifest in all directions. The same old fence stands in
front of the green yard, and the broad boards are covered
with advertisements. As we stepped into the little yard
a musical voice, coming from the old kitchen window, said,
" Walk into the house, gentlemen, I will see you in a
minute." Accepting her polite invitation, we were soon
seated in the room in which the Generals conferred together
and drew up and signed those important documents that
ended the war. Soon the possessor of the musical voice
made her appearance, looking as fresh and beautiful as one
of the roses that grew in her little flower garden. We found
her to bo the granddaughter of old man Bennett, (who
by the way has long since been gathered to his fathers) and
lived at the old place with her mother and brother. She
knew but little of the facts we were seekitig, but directed
us to the house of her aunt who lived near by, and who
was the only surviving member of the Bennett family who
was an eye-witness to the important circumstances that
form the subject of our sketch. This was the same party
who, quite a while ago, sold Mr. Jones the "little black bot-
tle," and after thanking our rustic friend for her kindness
we were soon on our way toward the house of the aunt.

Proemial Historic Facts. xv

AN EYE-WITNESS.

We arrived in a few minutes at a small bouse, and were
informed that Mrs. Eliza Christopher lived there, and
entering the house we were cordially received by her, and
stating the object of our visit, she at once signified her wil-
lingness to give us all the information in her power. We
remarked to her that it had been denied by some pretend-
ing knowing ones that Johnston and Sherman ever met at
the house of her father. She then, in her own plain way,
told us how she stood and saw the two officers, Sherman
and Johnston, meet at the gate, shake hands and walk side
by side into the house, talking earnestly all the while, and
how strange it looked to her to see these two men, who had
been fighting each other for four years, meet so friendly
and act so gentlemanly toward each other. She said they
would frequently come out of the house and take short
walks together, and she also said she saw them take a drink
from the very bottle, in company with her father, that Mr.
T. D. Jones now has in his possession. Continuing, she
said: "I still own the little table that was used by the
Generals in drawing up their papers, etc. I have had nu-
merous offers for it, but none sufficient to induce me to part
with it ; but I will sell it for money enough." We remarked
to her that possibly there might be some doubt as to the
table she so greatly valued being the one that was used on
the occasion mentioned. She said she thought she could
prove it; and arising she brought from above a small, old-
fashioned table, and then going to a book-casein the corner
she took from between the leaves of an old book a dilapi-
dated page from Harper's Weekly, dated May 27th, 1865, that
contained a perfect representation of the exterior of the
Bennett House, as well as the interior of the room that
was occupied by the two officers, these gentlemen being
seated at a table surrounded with papers, writing materials,

XVI History of Durham.

&c. — the &c. consisting mainly of the " little black bottle."
The table owned by the widow was compared to Harper^s
representation, and was pronounced one and the same by
all present. Mrs. Christopher said it was quite amusing
to her to hear the soldiers on both sides, who were lounging
under the spreading branches of the trees, laugh and talk
over their war exploits, narrow escapes, etc. The lady was
then asked if she objected to swearing that the bottle she
sold Mr. Jones was the one from which Generals Johnston
and Sherman drank on the occasion of the surrender. She
readily answered no, and holding up her right hand, sol-
emnly swore to the following affidavit:

North Carolina, Durham County:
Mrs. Eliza A. Christopher, being duly sworn, deposes
and says : " That she is a daughter of James Bennett,
who resided during his life-time on the Hillsboro road,
three and a half miles west of Durham. That she was
present at her father's house on the 26th day of April, 1865,
when Generals W. T. Sherman and Joseph E. Johnston
met there and arranged all the stipulations of the surren-
der of Johnston to Sherman. That while the arrangements
were being made they drank from a bottle of whiskey, and
that the bottle she sold Mr. Thomas D. Jones is the identi-
cal one from which they drank on that occasion.

Eliza A. Christopher.
Sworn to and subscribed before me this the 15th day of
May, 1884.

C. B. Green, J. P.

We thanked our good old friend for her kindness and
valuable information, and returned to town through the
same beautiful and now highly cultivated country.

Our chronicler was soon standing upon one of the streets
of this busy little city — a town that in sixteen years or
less has grown from nothing to be a busy and prosperous
city of over 5,000 inhabitants. In every direction could
be heard the hum and buzz of machinery, mingled with

Proemial Historic Facts. xvii

the song of the saw, and the sound of the hammer. Heavily
loaded wagons and drays rattled over the newly-made, rock-
paved streets. Magnificent buildings lined each side of the
way, elegant dwellings could be seen in the distance, churches
with their tall spires almost kissing the clouds stood here
and there, factory bells and steam whistles sent forth their
evening signals. Everything is hurry and bustle. Pro-
gress and enterprise is evident on every side, and to think
that where this proud and famous little city now stands
was, a few years ago, almost a wilderness. Is it not a grand
illustration of what enterprise and energ}' can do? We, at
this point of our observation, came to the conclusion that
Durham could date its birth and the beginning of its pros-
perity to the time when those two Generals, about whom we
have been writing, came together at the old Bennett House,
shook hands as it were over the "bloody chasm," and ar-
ranged all those stipulations that ended the war.

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History of Durham.

The Best Fertilizer ever made specially for Fine Tobacco.
remains at tlie head of everything' offered for that Crop.

Still

Tobacco Fertilizer.

You all know what Major Ragland thinks of this article. The demand for it
is universal among growers of fine tobacco. They urge that nothing gives 6od2/
and t< xture like it.

Kead for example, the following from Mes-srs. Matthews & Williamson, ot
Reidsville:

"From our own personal experience, and it covers a long time, in watching
the results from the use of the various brands of commercial fertilizers handled
in this section, it is our mature judgment that the ANCHOR BRAND stands at
the head of all for tlie production oi' fine, siUcij, yellow tobacco. The. plant seems
to receive more fitting nourishment from the use of this article than from any
other, and we are of the opinion that if our farmers made it tlieir standby, we
would hear less of light, chaffy tobacco, having some color but no body, and
that the farmer would realize the result he ought to enjoy from his labor; for
low-grade tobacco will not bring big money."

Agents at all points of importance throughout the Tobacco Region.

PACE &; SIZER;

(Successors to R. W. Oliver,)

MANUFACTURERS OF THE CELEBRATED BRANDS

PURITY, FAVORITE I RALEIGI^,

Smoking, Cut, Plug, and Cigarettes.

ALSO ALL STYLES AND GRADES OF

SmokingTobacco i Cigarettes,

Advertisement. 23

DURHAM GRADED

-A^isriD-

HIGH SCHOOL

This institution of learning is composed of a regular
Graded School and a High School. The Graded School
serves as a preparatory department to the High School, or
Collegiate department. The High School course of study-
embraces all that is ordinarily taught in similar institutions,
giving special prominence to the Sciences and Literature.

The School affords extraordinary facilities for the intel-
lectual development of both sexes. It employs a corps of
teachers who make teaching their business, and Avho use
the most improved methods of instruction.

GRADED SCHOOL:
Primary Department, per year, $I0 oo

Intermediate Department, per year, 15 oo

High School Department, per year, ._ 20 00

Each annual session commences the first Monday in Sep.
tember and ends the last Friday in May.
For further information, apply to

E. W. KENNEDY,

Superintendent.

History of Durham.

R. H. ATWATER,
Chatham County.

WALTER J. WYATT,
Wake County.

ATWATER $t WYATT,

few? 1^ fi'lWf ©TOiiSS

AND

General Commission Merchants,

(Richmond, Cooper & Co.'s Old Stand,)

ZD XT ::ES lEZ ..^ 3S/£ , 1ST. O.

We keep the most complete stock of Heavy and Fancy
Groceries in Durham. Goods promptly delivered free of
charge in the city.

Prices Marked Down to Rock Bottom 5

We are offering our stock of GUNS at greatly reduced
prices, to close them out.

p=;

-==3

P-4

' — • >

C-2 Z

C<2

ST77"ZlNrC3-Z3>TO- X-. .^ 3^ IP 3 _
Hardware Cheaper than Ever.

Cheapest House in Tinware in Town. Fine stock of Farm Bells from
250 li)s. Down.

ROBERTSON, LLOYD & CO.,

Mangum Street, DURHAM, N. C.

History of Durham.

:e= .^f^ us T I .

CHAPTER I.

GLEANINGS FROM EARLY SETTLERS — ORIGIN OF DURHAM AND
DURHAM bMOKING TOBACCO — INCORPORATION AND ORGANI-
ZATION OF THE TOWN AND COUNTY OF DURHAMi — THE GRA-
DED SCHOOL — THE COLORED RACE, ETC.

The last act in the tragic drama of the late civil war
transpired in the vicinity of Durham. It was here that
"grimvissaged war smoothed its wrinkled front." Gen. R.
E. Lee, the great southern soldier and christian, having
capitulated at Appomattox, Gen. Sherman, on his famous
"march to the sea," had demonstrated to Gen. Jos. E. John-
ston, l)y greatly superior numerical strength and facilities,
tliat further resistance was useless. In April, 1SG5, Sher-
man encamped at Raleigh, while Johnson, with his remnant
of heroic troops, rested at Greensboro. From Raleigh to
Greensboro, a distance of about seventy-five miles, both
armies roamed indiscriminately. Gen. Johnston intima-
ted to Gen. Sherman his desire for a conference, and an
armistice of ten days was declared. These two great chief-
tains met in consultation, in a little house near Durham,
which was then an insignificant railroad station, with
only about 200 inhabitants. This station was declared neu-
tral ground. Here "the boys in blue and gray" met in
friendly intercourse — swapped horses, ran foot races, shot at
targets, and, around the same camp-fires, told hairbreadth
escapes, spun camp yarns, and had a "good time" generally.
About one hundred yards from the railway station stood a
two-story frame tobacco factory, owned by the late John R.
Green. During the war xMr. Green had manufactured smok-
ing tobacco for the " boys in gray," but now Otliello had
seemingly lost his occu[)ation. Stored in this factory were
large quantities of smoking tobacco, ready for shipment,
and during the armistice the building was completely sacked,

26 History of Durham.

and around the camp-fires, in Durham, the "blue and the
gray" literally smoked the pipe of peace. When tlie hon-
orable terms of surrender were consummated — which term-
were most dishonorablj' ignored by radical pot-house polls
ticians of the national government at Wa?l)ington — the
soldiers of each army provided themselves with a plentiful
supply of this tobacco and marched homeward. Thus
Green's tobacco was distributed from Maine to Texas, and
what he regarded as a great calamity sojn proved a great
blessing. When tiie soldiers, on reaching home, had ex-
hausted their supply of tobacco, orders, directed to the R.
E.. A^ent, Postmaster, etc., at Durham, began to pour in rap-
idly for more of that tobacco. Mr. Green was quick to see
his advantage, and immediately christened his tobacco
" Durham," and selected the Durham Bull as liis trade-mark.
And this was the first tobacco manufactured in Durham
l>randed with the words " Durham Smoking Tobacco," and
the first to use as a trade-mark the " Durham Bull." (See
litigation.) Nowhere on tlie globe is tobacco of such fine
quality raised — so peculiarly adapted to smoking purposes —
as is grown in the vicinity of Durham. It is almost entirely
free from nitrates and nicotine, and it has become so popular
that to day, all over the United States, the Canadas, South
America, Japan, Australia, China, etc., it is the acknowl-
edged standard of excellence and purit3\

Mr. Green died in iS69, and Messrs. \V. ,T. Biackvvell &
Co. purchased the business. This firm put fresh capital,
together with keen business sagacity, into the enter-
prise, and soon made it a wonderful success, and to-day
they are the largest and most flourishing manufacturers of
smoking tobacco in the country. At the time of the j)ur-
chase from Green, the total force employed in the factory
numbered less tlian twelve, and the population of the town
less than 300. To-day the firm pay annually to the govern-
ment a revenue t<ix of more than 8600,000.00; manufacture
over 5,000,000 pounds of tobacco annually, and employ
about 900 hands. The embryo village of 1865 had a popu-
lation in 1881 of nearly 4,000. The population now exceeds
5,000.

Durham is situated twenty-six miles west of Raleigh, the
capital of the State, and is the outlet to what is known as
the Golden Tobacco Belt of North Carolina, and, as all the
tobacco raised in this section finds its v/ay to Durham, our

Origin of Durham Smoking Tobacco. 27

factories and warehouses are so situated as to comraand the
pick of all offerings. Tliirteen years ago there was nothing
here but a fevv small shanties, while now there are palatial
buildings devoted to mercantile purposes, huge tobocco
warehouses and numerous manulactories of that article that
are unexcelled. The largest factor}' in the world for the
manufacture of smoking tobacco is located here, with a name
famous in all parts of the globe. Durham is really the
tobacco mart of the State, and from the nature and value
of the crop grown in the immediate neighborhood, has
strided on and attained the very enviat)le position slie now
holds. She draws to her market probably the greater part
of all the tobacco that is grown in the counties of Durham,
Orange, Person,Caswell, Ahimanceand Granville,and known
as "bright smokers," only adapted for smoking tobaccos,
and from these come ihe wonderful reputation of all such
emanating from this place.

Emjiloyment is offered all who desire, and the capacity of
production is only limited by the ditiiculty of procuring
labor. Opi)ortunities present themselves on all sides, and
the amount of money disbursed by the factories is something
to startle the uninformed. Trade is flourishing and the
stores are filled with fine goods, all of which find a readv
sale. The city has a mayor, board of aldermen, police,
lighted streets and is paved. Durham has more paved
streets than any other place in North Carolina. Fires h.ave
occurred, but they were a blessing in disguise, as what was
once low shanties are now brick blocks of two and three
stories. '

The receipts of cotton last season were 3,500 bales, which
will be largel}' increased in the future. This represents con-
siderable money in that comuaodity. Durham can be made
a good market for such, as numerous cotton mills abound
along the line of the North Carolina railroad, and one soon
to be erected in Durham. There are 3 sash an.l door facto-
ries and numerous tobacco works. No water-power ; every-
thing is run by steam, with cheap fuel. The greater part of
the citizens are full of energy, ambition and kindness, and
are fully alive to the importance of the place. To Messrs. W.
T.'Blackwell and Julian S. Carr the place owes much of its
importance, as tliey were pioneers in building it up. These
gentlemen have erected nearly 200 buildings in the town.
The former was long identified with the celebrated Bull

28 History of Durham.

Durham Tobacco Works, but sold out his interest a short
time since, and is now in the banking business with Mr. P.
A. Wiley, a well-known financier, as cashier. The Bank of
Durham has discounted, in four months, about $400,000 in
paper — mostly tobacco acceptances; and Eugene Morehead
& Co., bankers, probably as much more.

This is quite a remarkable showing, and gives a faint idea
of the growth of Durham in this one instance.

Railroad facilities are hardly adequate, only one train a
day each way being allowed by the liberal policy of the
Richmond & Danville system. The depot is a reproach,
there being no reception room for either ladies or gentlemen,
and the apartment used as such, and adjoining the ticket-
office, being so filthy an offensive that ladies never apply
for tickets, except in cases of absolute necessity. It is about
12x14 feet, and is used almost continuously by negro section
hands as a kitchen and sleeping quarters. The walls are
black with soot and grease, and the floor is caked with
grease and dirt. It is just to add, that the managers are
perhaps not aware of the real condition of things. It is to
be hoped, however, that the importance of the city will
arouse this mammoth monopoly from its complacent leth-
argy, and that decent facilities at least, will soon be aff'orded.

Real estate in the corporate limits is very high , ranging
from §1 per foot up, a further evidence of its prosperity.
To show how wonderfully this section has advanced, we
give a few ante-bellum prices for lands which now sell for
from $1 per foot upward:

In 1845, the land now covered by the town of' Durham,
sold at from $1.50 to $4.00 per acre. The Durham site, 130
acres, sold for the sum of $90.00.

In 1859 this land was re-assessed and sold for about $25
per acre.

The old Strayhorn Tract — now the Rigsbee property —
sold for $15 per acre. This tract extends from Mangum
street to Redmond Grove — formerly known as Prattsburg.
The same land cannot be bought to-day for $1,000 per acre.

The Dillard land sold, for $10 per acre, the old Andrew
Turner tract — now known as the Green land — sold for $8
per acre, and the Proctor land — now owned by Messrs. W.
T. Vickers and B. W. Mathews— for $8 to SIO per acre.

Taxes on real and personal property are thirty-five cents
on the $100, and $1.05 on the poll. Graded school tax
twenty cents on the $100, and sixty cents on the poll.

Establishment of Durham County. 29

Tobacco brings better prices here, perhaps, than at any
other point in the State. A few weeks ago a farmer, for
two two-horse wagon loaJs of tobacco — barn 'round — re-
ceived $2,600, and it is a common thing for negro farmers
to come in with a load and carry away from five to eight
hundred dollars. This shows the value of the land for this
great staple. These lands, of the Central Golden Belt, lie
principally in Durham, Orange, Person, Caswell, Chatham.
Alamance, Granville and Wake counties, andean be pur-
chased for from $10 to $25 per acre, improved.

This country has superb pastorage for stock and is adapted
to all kinds of grain, as well as cotton, tobacco, fruits and
grapes. The latter flourishes, and the wine sells readily for
$1.50 per gallon. To all parties who are looking for a place
to locate, to till the soil, this, in the immediate vicinity of
Durham, possesses vast advantages. If capital is looking
for investment, it can be judiciously used here, certain to be
returned tenfold, and more than likely twenty. The city
has a world-wide rejiutation and no doubt is the best adver-
tised section of the State; and when one views the immpnse
tobacco factories, warehouses, press-rooms, etc., he cannot
but say she has earned her position.

The depot of the N. C. R. R., in this town, was establislied
in 1S32, with Dr. B L. Durham as agent. Pratt«^burg was
originally intended for the depot site, but Mr. Pratt, the
owner, refused to grant the land, and the present site was
donated by our venerable townsman, Dr. Durham, in honor
of whom the station was called Durham.

The first store opened for business was by Messrs. B. L.
Duiham, John W. Carr (father of Julian S. Carr, President
B. D. Tobacco Co.) and James Mathews, with our venerable
and popu.ar townsman, M. A. Angier, as clerk. This store
was situated at the Rigsbee corner — then known as the An-
gier corner — now corner Main and Mangum streets.

Establishment of Durham County.

The bill for the establishment of the County of Durham
was introduced in the General Assembly, in the early part
of the session of 1881, by Hon. Caleb B. Green, then a rep-
resentative from the County of Orange. The bill was sub-
mitted to and ratified by the people April 10. 1881. The fol-
low! ng is a copy of thelaw(seechap. 1 38, pp. 272, Laws of 1881);

30 History of Durham.

The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact :

Section 1. That a couuty by the name of Darharn be and
the same is hereby created and established out of and em-
bracing parts of the counties of Orange and Wake, the whole
to lie within and iiave the following specified bounds, that
is to say : Beginning at the north-east corner of Orange coun-
ty, tlunce with the Orange and Person line north eighty-
seven degrees, west, eight miles, to the corner of Mangum
and Little River townships of Orange county; thence south
ten degrees west, twenty five and one quarter miles to the
Chatham county line, at the corner of Patterson and Chapel
Hill townships; thence with the Chatham county line south
eight3^-seven degrees east, seven miles, to the Wake county
line ; thence the same course four miles, to a point in Wake
County; Cedar Fork township; thence a line parallel to the
Wake and Oiange line north fifteen degreese ast, thirteen and
one half miles, to the corner of New Light and Oak Grove
townships ; thence continuing the satne course two and one-
quarter miles, and following tlie dividing line between said
townships to the Granville county line, at the corner of the
aforesaid townships ; thence with the Wake and Granville
line to their corner on Neuse river, in the Orange county
line; thence with the Granville line about north nine and
three-quarter miles to the beginning.

Skc. 2. That the said county of Durham, hereby created, be
and the same is hereby invested with all the rights, powers,
privileges, advantages and immunities that belong and ap-
[lertain to other counties in this state.

Sec. o. That Isaac N. Linke, of said county of Durham,
be and is hereby a[)pointed a commissioner to survey and
mark the line between the said couuty of Durham and the
said counties of Orange, Chatham, Wake, Granville and
Person, as designated and specified in the first section of this
act, and he shall within thirty days next after the ratifica-
tion of this act, make a report of such survey under his hand
and seal to the commissioners respectively of said counties,
which report shall form and be a part of the record of the
proceedings of said commissioners of said counties ; and said
commissionersshall furnish the commissioners of said county
of Durham with a ma[) thereof. Said commissioner to sur-
vey said line shall have power to employ such persons as
ma}' be necessary for making such survey, and he and such
other persons shall be allowed a reasonable compensation

Establishment of Durham County. 31

for such service, to be allowed by the commissioners of said
county of Durham. And if, for any cause, the said Isaac N.
Link cannot make such surve3',then and in such case, David
G. McDuflie is hereby appointed to make the same, and he
shall be |)aid for his services as herein provided.

Sec. 4. That if said boundary line shall divide any town-
ship of any of said counties of Orange and Wake, any
officer of any such township, who shall reside within said
county of Durham, shall continue to hold and exercise his
said office in the said count}' of Durham until his successor
shall be elected or appointed, and qualified according to law.

Sec. 5. That the sheriffs and other county officers of Oi-
ange and Wake counties respectively, shall continue to
exercise the functions of their respective offices in the detached
portions of said last mentioned counties, until the county
officers of said county of Durham shall be elected or appointed
and qualified according to law.

Sec. G. That justices of the peace shall bo appointed

as now provided by law for said county of Durham ; and said
justices of the peace shall, on the first Monday in May, Anno
Domini one thousand eight hundred and eighty-one, assem-
ble at the town of Durham and elect five commissioners for
said county, who shall thereupon be forthwith qualified by
any one of the said justices of the peace, and he shall certify
sucli qualification and deliver his certificate in such respect
to the clerk of said commissioners, and he shall file thesauie
among the records and papers of his offica ; and said com-
missioners so elected shall hold their offices respectively
until their successors shall be elected and qualified according:
to existing laws.

Sec, T. That it shall be the dut}' of said county commis-
sioners, forthwith after their qualification, to divide the said
county into convenient districts; to determine and fix the
boundaries of the same, and prescribe names therefor, and
designate voting places in said districts according to law, at
which all elections by the qualified electors of s^id county
of Durham shall be held.

Sec 8. That the said county commissioners, as soon as
they shall establish said districts and voting places, shall
provide, according to law, for the registration of electors and
the election of county officers for said county, except as in
this act otherwise provided, and an election for such officers
shall be held on the first Thursday of August, Auuo Domiui
one thousand eight hundred and eighty-one.

32 History of Durham.

Sec. 9. That said commissioners, at their first meeting
shall appoint a sheriff, a coroner and constables for said
county, who shall give bond and qualify as such officers ac-
cording to existing laws, and said last named officers and all
county officers so to be elected shall liold and exercise their-
offices respectively until theii' successors sliall be elected or
ajipointed according to existing laws, regulating the elec-
tions of sheriffs, coroners, constables, and other county
officers.

Sec. 10. That the town of Durham shall be the county
town of said county of Durham, and the court house and
jail thereof shall be located in said town on a site or sites
to be selected by the county commissioners, and the site for
the court house shall eml)race at lea-;t one acre and a half
of land, and the site for the jail at least one-half acre of
land; and said county commi-sioners shall purchase or
receive by donation lots or i)aicels of land sufficient for
the last mentioned [imposes; and shall proceed according to
existing laws to have a court house and jail for said last men-
tioned county construc'ed; and until the same shall be com-
pleted or may be used, said commissioners shall select and
provide a temporary f)lace and suitable building for hold-
ing the court and preserving the records and transacting
the business of said county of Durham, as in other counties.

Sec. 11. That the superior courts of this State shall have
jurisdiction in and over said county of Durham, as such
count}', on and after the second Thursday of August, Anno
Domini one thousand eight hundred and eighty-one, to
the same extent and in the same manner as the said courts
have ill and over the several counties of this State ; and the
said courts shall be within the fifth (5th) judicial district and
a superior court therefor sliall be held on the first Monday
in Februar}' and the first Monda}'' in August of each suc-
ceeding year, and all actions, both civil and criminal, of
which the said last mentioned court would have had juris-
diction, had the same existed at the time of the beginning
of said actions shall be removed into and tried or disposed
of according to law in said last mentioned court: Provided,
nevertheless, both civil and criminal, to which citizens of said
county of Durham are parties, pending in the superior
courts of said counties of Orange and Wake, may be con-
tinued in the courts of said counties respectively, at the
option of the party- residing in said county of Durham;

Establishment of Durham County, 33

ham ; but, when such actions shall be so transferred to the
court of said county of Duriiara, it shall be without preju-
dice by reason of such transfer; and all persons who shall
be adjudged to be inijirisoned in said county of Durham,
before the completion of a jail for said last named county,
shall be committed to the jail of Orange county. But,
until the second Thursday of August, Anno Domini one
thousand eight hundred and eighty-one, all actions, both
civil and criminal, shall be begun and prosecuted as now
provided by law.

Skc. l*i. That the cou'Uy commissioners of Durham
county shall be, and are hereby empowered to appoint three
or more commissioners to confer with the commissioners
of Orange and Wake counties, for the purpose of ascertain-
ing the proportionate part of the public debt of Orange and
Wake counties to be assumed by the county of Durham,
and such settlement shall be based upon the amount of
taxable property and polls according to the valuation of
property in the year one thousand eight hundred and
eighty; and said county commissioners shall i)roceed ac-
cording to law to levy and collect a tax sutiicient to pay
such })roportionate part of the debt of the counties of Orange
and Wake, when it shall have been so ascertained.

Sec. 13. That nevertheless, an election shall be hold in
said county of Durham, on second Thursday in April,
Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and eight3'-one,
for tlie purpose of ascertaining whether or not a majority
of the electors of said count}' shall be in favor of the estab-
lishment thereof; that at such last mentioned election every
male person born in the United States, and every such per-
son who has been iiaturalized, twenty-one years old and up-
wards, and who shall have resided in the boundary line of
said county for thirty days next before the said last specified
day of election, except such persons as by the constitution
and laws of this State are not deemed electors, shall be en-
titled to vote at said election in, and only in, the township
or precinct where he shall reside, and be dul}^ registered on
the day of such election, except as hereinafter otherwise
provided; and every elector voting at said election, who
shall be in favor of the establishment of the said county of
Durham, shall have printed or written on his ballot the
words, " For the county (>f Durham," and every elector who
shall be opposed to the establishment of said county of

34 History of DuRnAM.

Durham shall have printed or wrilten on liis ballot the
words, " Against the county of Durham," and the judges or
inspectors of election, appointed by this act to hold said
election in the several precincts respectively, shall carefully
count the votes cast at such election, and designate the
number so cast "For the county of Durham," and likewise
the number so cast "Against the county of Durham," and
respectively certify the result under their hands to the com-
missioners herein provided to canvass the votes cast at the
several voting [)lace3 in said county.

Sec. 14. That said election shall be held in that part of
Durham township in said count}'- of Orange, embraced in
said county of Durham, in the town of Durham, by and
under the superintendence of John C. Angier, registrar, S.
W. Chamberlain and B. L Duke; that said election shall
be held in that part of Patterson township in said county
of Orange, embraced in said county of Durham, at Patter-
son's jMills, by and under the superintendence of A. B.
Couch, registrar, C. H. Carlton and A. P. Stroud ; and like-
wise at Asa Gunter's in said lost mentioned township, by
and under the superintendence of G. A. Barbee, registrar,
Rufus Massey and Simon Barbee; that said election shall
be held in Mangum's township as now constituted in said
county of Orange embraced within said county of Durhamj
and likewise that part of Little River township in said
count}' of Orange embraced in said county of Durham, the
whole making one township for the purpose of the said
election at Mangum's store, by and under the superinten-
dence of S. G. Scruggs, registrar, W. D. Lunsford and Wm.
Bass; that said election shall beheld in Lebanon township,
as now constituted in said county of Orange embraced in
said county of Durham, at Bladen Springs, by and under
the superintendence of J. G. Latta, registrar, S. H. Johnson
and Thomas Lipscomb; and such electors as may reside in
that part of said Little River township embraced in said
county of Drham, shall register and vote at either of the
last mentioned voting places in their discretion ; that the
said election within that part of Cedar Fork township, as
now established in Wake county embraced in said county
of Durham, shall be held at Cedar Fork church, by and
under the superintendence of Ransom O'Brien, registrar,
Hiram Weatherspoon and Asa Green ; that the said election
within that part of Oak Grove township, as now consti-

Establishment of Durham County. 85

tuted in said county of Wake embraced in snid county of
.Durham, shall be iield at Sandy Level churchy by and under
the superintendence of John Hall, registrar, John Pollard
and William Evans.

Skc. 15. Tlie electors residing witliin the said county of
Durham, whether they have heretofore been registered in
the counties of Orange and Wake or not, shall each be reg-
istered in the township or precinct where lie sliali reside,
before he shall be entitled to vote at said election, and to
this end (he several registrars, in section sixteen of this act
appointed, shall, each in the township or precinct for which
he is appointed, open a registration book ior the registration
of such electois as nniy reside in said last referred to town-
ship or precinct and be entitled to vote; he shall open such
registration book for the registrat^ion of such electors on
Thursday next before the day of said election, and keep the
same open for the registration of such electors from day to
day, Sunday excepted, until and including Wednesday next
before the day of said election ; electors shall take the oath,
which said registrars are hereb}' authorized to administer,
now prescribed by law for electors, and registration shall
be conducted as now prescribed by law, except as otherwise
provided by this act; electors residing in that part of said
Little River tovvnsliiji in said county of Durham may, in
their discretion be registered either in said jMangum town-
ship in said county of Durham, or in that part of said Leb-
anon township in said county of Durham, but they sliall
vote only in the township where they shall so register.

Sec. 16. That John C. Angier be and he is hereby ap-
pointed such registrar for that part of the said tovvnship of
Durham in said county of Durham, and the registration
book for this township shall be so kept open for the regis-
tration of electors at Angler's store in Durham ; A. B Couch ,
registrar for the precinct in that part of Patterson's town-
ship in said county of Durham, embracing Patterson's mills,
and the registration book for the precinct shall be so kept
open at Patterson's store; G. A. Barbee, registrar for the
precinct in said part of Patterson tovrnship embracing Asa
Gunter's, and the registration book for this precinct shall be
so kept open at G. A. Barbee's house; Ransom O'Brien, reg-
istrar for that part of said Cedar Fork township in said
county of Durham, and the registration book for that town-
ship shall be so kept open at Ransom O'Brien's residence;

36 History of Durham.

John Hall, registrar for that part of said Oak Grove towii-
shi[) embraced in said coiiaty of Darhi'Ji, and the registra-
tion book f >r that township shall be so ijept open at F. M.
Barbee's store; S. G. Scruggs, registrar for said township of
M;uignn:i in said county of Durham, and the registration
[book] f.)r that township shall be so kept open at Mangum's
store; J. G. Latta, registrar for that part of L-^banon town-
ship in said county of Durham, and the registration book
for that township shall be so kept open at J. G. Latta's resi-
dence.

Sec. 17. Each of said registrars shall be as herein pro-
vided one of the judges or inspectors of election in the town-
ship or precinct for which he is such registrar; he shall have
the regintration hook containing the names of the electors
so registered by him at .the proper voting place on the said
day of election as now required by law; and he shall pre-
serve such registration book and deposit the same in the
office of the county commissioners of said county of Dur-
ham, as soon as they shall be organized.

Sec. is. That, the said judges or inspectors, so appointed
to hold and superintend such election, shall each be sworn
by an acting justice of the peace to well, truly and fairly
hold such election, and certify the result thereof, as in this
act provided ; no elector after registration shall be chal-
lenged, except when he offers to vote, and if the right of any
person offering to vote shall be challenged, any one of the
said judges or inspectors at the voting place where such
person so offers to vote, may administer an oath to such
person and examine him touching his right to vote, and the
said judges or inspectors holding said election at such last
named voting place shall determine whether or not such
])erson has the right to vote, and to allow or disallow his
vote according to law, and the said judges or inspectors so
holding said election shall respectively keep a written list
of the names of the electors voting, and return the same
with their certificate of the result of the election so held by
them, and said judges or inspectors of election designated
and charged to hold the said election at each voting place
shall repectively, as soon as the result of the election shall
be so ascertained, designate one of their number to convey
the certificate of tlie result of the election so held by them
to the town of Durham by twelve o'clock meridian of Fri-
day next after the day of said election ; and the judges or

Establishment of Durham County. 37

inspectors so conveying such certificate of the result of said
election at the voting places represented by them respec-
tively, shall compose and constitute a board of canvassers
to compare and count and ascertain the result of the vote so
cast and certified in said county of Durham, and this shall
be done on the said last mentioned day ; and the canvassers
so comprising said board shall be sworn by any justice of
the peace to well and faiihfully so ascertain the result of the
said vote so cast in said county ; and as soon as the said
board shall so ascertain the result of said vote in said county
of Durham, they shall certify the said result under their
hands to the Governor, and he shall forthwith make known
such result by proclamation, and if it shall turn out that a
majority of the votes so cast in the said count}' of Durham
,were " For the county of Durham," then in that case the
said county of Durham shall thenceforth continue to be
such county, as by this act established ; but if, on the con-
trarj'-, it shall turn out that a majority of the votes so cast
in the said county of Durham were " Against the county of
Durham," then in that case the said county of Durham
shall cease to be such county, and this act shall be inopersK
tive and of no further effect, and the counties of Orange and,
Wake shall remain respectively as they now are.

Sec. 19. If for any cause any one of the judges or insi>ec-
tors,so appointed to hold said election, shall fail to discharge
the duty with which he is by this act char^ged, then the
acting judges or inspectors or judge or inspector may ap-
point a judge or inspector to supply his place.

Sec. 20. The polls at the said voting places as to time,
shall be opened and closed as now provided by law for the
election of members of the General Assembly.

Sec. 21. If any person shall disturb, prevent or in any
way interfere with said election, any person so offending
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on convic-
tion in the superior court, shall be fined and imprisoned in
the discretion of the court.

Sec. 22. If any person shall vote at such election, who is
not entitled to vote, however said judges or inspectors may
decide every person so voting, shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor, and, on conviction in the superior court,
shall be fined and imprisoned in the discretion of the court.

Sec. 23. Said registrars shall be sworn to faithfully dis-
charge their duty as such by any acting justice of the peace,

38 History of Durham.

and such registrar shall respectively register such persona
as shall become qualified in respect of age and residence or
otherwise on the day of election, and such person so regis-
tered shall be allowed to vote.

Sec. 24. If at the election provided by this act a majority
of those who vote in the township[s] of Cedar Fork and
Oak Grove, in the county of Wake, shall vote "Against the
county of Durham," then those po-rtions of said townships
comprehended within the line of the county of Durham
shall not be part of said county of Durham, but shall be and
remain portions of the county of Wake, notwithstanding
the townships in Orange may vote for said county of Dur-
ham, and in that event said county of Durham shall consist
of the territory mentioned in this act exclusive of said por-
tions of Cedar Fork and Oak Grove townships.

Sec. 25. This act shall be in force from and after its rati-
fication.

Read three times in the General Assembly, and ratified
this the 28th day of February, A. D. 1881.

Pursuant to the provisions of the bill, the Justices of the
Peace for the new county met in the town of Durham on
the 1st of May, 1881, and proceeded to ballot for County
Commissioners. The following gentlemen having received
a majorit}' of votes cast, v/ere declared duly elected : Messrs.
A. K. Umstead, Washington Duke, G. A. Barbee, John T,
Nichols and S. W. Holman.

The new board met on May 2d, 1881, over John L. Mark-
ham's store, corner Main and Mangum streets, and, after
qualifying, organized and elected Mr. A. K. Umstead chair-
man, and W. T. Patterson, clerk, who also acted as Superior
Court Clerk until the election of Mr. J. S. Ferrell in Au-
gust of the same year. The board also appointed Mr. Jas.
R. Blacknall as sheriff, D. L. Belvin constable and Dr. A,
G. Carr as coroner. Mr. Wm. Lipscomb was also appointed
tax assessor for Durham township.

At the election, which occurred first Tuesday in August,
1881, Mr. J. J. Ferrell was elected Superior Court Clerk, and
Dr. W. M. Laws, Register of Deeds. Among the proceed-
ings of the second meeting of the Board of County Commis-
sioners, Ma}^ 10th, 1881, we find the following wise and
.commendable order :

" The question of granting license to retail spirituous

Incorporation of Durham.

liquors in the count}' of Durham to several parties petition-
ing^ was taken up, and after a fair and full discussion, it was
ordered that no license should be issued to sell spirituous
liquors in the county of Durham. By request, A. K. Um-
stead's vote was recorded in favor of not granting them."

If this noble example had been strictly followed after-
ward, much suffering, pauperism, crime and death would
have been averted. It may be said to the honor of this
board that among their very first acts they manifested a
desire to promote not only the material but the moral inter-
ests of society.

In June, 1SS3, the Justice? of the Peace for Durham
count}' convened in the court-house in the city of Durham,
and elected the following commissioners: Messrs. Duncan
Cameron, W. A. Jenkins, D. P. Paschall, G. A. Barbee and
J. G. Latta. The new board met and organized December
4th, 1882.

In June, 1883, the real and personal property of Durham
Township was assessed at $2,000,200. The assessed value of
real and personal property at the present writing is about
$3,000,000— or a market value of about $5,000,00. The as-
sessed value of the same territory in 1S65 was about $150,000.

The assessed valuation of real and personal property
within the corporate limits of the city of Durham is $1,850,-
000. The assessed value in 1865 was about $120,000.

ASSESSED ANTE-BELLUM VALUATIONS.

The land now environed by the corporate limits of the
City of Durham contains 640 square acres, or one square
mile. The following table shows the assessed valuation per
acre and per tract for 1850 and 1860. The assessment for
1860 was made by Messrs. M. A. Angier, J. P., Z. I. Lyon
and C. G. Markham. The names of tracts and the number
of acres each are given for convenient future reference. This
land will readily sell to-day for from $5,000 to $15,000 per
acre, according to locality :

Name of Tract.

Proctor Tract

Strayhorn Tract

Green Tract

Pratt Tract

Dr. Durham Tract.
May Tract

No.
Acres.

150

135

Total ...I 640

1850.
Per Acre. Per Tract.

$3 00

Av.$2.923\

i860.
Per Acre. Per Tract.

330 OOj
450 00
190 00
450 00
270 00
I So 00

$ 8 00
15 00
8 00
10 00
30 00
10 00

$ 1,870 00 Av.$i4.28J

^ 8S0 00

1,350 00

760 00

1,500 00

'4,050 00

600 00

,140 00

40 History of Durham.

AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THK TOWN OF DURHAM.

The bill to incorporate the town of Durham was intro-
duced in the General Assembly of 1868-'G9, by Hon. T. M.
Argo. The bill passed and was ratified the 10th day of
April, 1869. The following is a copy of the act :

Section 1. The General Assembly of North Carolina do en-
act: That the Town of Durham, in the county of Orange,
be, and the same is hereby incorporated, by the name and
style of " The Town of Durham," and shall be subject to all
the provisions contained in the one hundred and eleventh
chapter of the Revised Code : Provided, That any male citi-
zen residing within the proposed corporation shall be enti-
tled^to all the privileges contained in an act to provide for
the holding of municipal elections in North Carolina, rati-
fied 16th day of December, 1868.

Sec. 2. That the corporate limits of said Town shall ex-
tend one-half mile in all directions from the warehouse of
the North Carolina Railroad in said town.

Sec. 3, That this act shall be in force from and after its
ratification.

Ratified the 10th day of April, 1869.

JO. W. HOLDEN,
Speaker of the House.
TOD. R. CALDWELL,
President of the Senate.

I, Henry J. Meuninger, Secretary of State, hereby certify
that the foregoing is a true copy of the original Act on file
in this ofiicr.

H. J. MENNINGER,
Secretary of State.

At the first election under the provisions of this act, the
following municipal officers were elected :

Maijor—R. F. Morris.

Commissioners — William Mangum, W. K. Styron, Wil-
liam Clark, J. W. Cheek and John A. McManning, Sr.

DURHAM GRADED SCHOOL.

The bill establishing the Durham Graded School was in-
troduced in the General Assembly of 1881, by Hon. Caleb

Graded School. 41

B. Green; submitted to and ratified by the people in May,
1882. The following is a copy of the law (Laws 1881, chap.
231, page 433):

The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact :

Section 1. The commissioners for the town of Durham are
hereby authorized to submit to the qualified voters of said
town, at such time and under such rules and regulations as
the said commissioners may prescribe, whether an annual
tax shall be levied therein for the support of a graded school
in said town. That such qualified voters at such election
are authorized to vote on written or printed ballots the words
" for school " and " against school," and the penalties for
illegal and fraudulent voting in this election shall be the
same as in the annual elections for mayor and commission-
ers of the town of Durham.

Sec. 2. In case a majority of the qualified voters at such
election shall be in favor of such tax, the same shall be
levied and collected by the town authorities under the same
rules and regulations by which other iown taxes are levied
and collected, and the tax collector shall be subject to the
same liabilities for the collection and disbursement of said
tax as he is or may be for other town taxes : Provided, The
special taxes so levied and collected shall not exceed one-
fifth of one per centum on the value of property and seventy-
five cents on the poll, and that the taxes thus levied and
collected shall be applied exclusively for the support of a
"graded public school," and shall not be appropriated or
expended for any other purpose.

Sec. 3. The special taxes thus levied and collected from
the taxable property and polls of white persons shall be ex-
pended in keeping up a graded public school for white persons
of both sexes, between the ages of six and twent-one years ;
and the special taxes thus levied and collected from the
taxable property and polls of colored persons shall be
expended for the benefit of the public schools of the colored
children of both sexes, between the ages of six and twenty-
one years, in said town.

Sec. 4. If a majority of the qualified voters of the town of
Durham shall vote "for school," the commissioners for said
town, at their next regular meeting, and their successors in
ofiice at their first regular meeting, in the month of June

42 History of Durhaji.

annually thereafter, shall elect three gentlemen of integrit}'
and ability, qualified voters of said town, to constitute "the
Durham Board of Education and Learning," and the said
"Durham Board of Education and Learning," the school
committee for the school district in Orange county com-
posed of the town of Durham, and the mayor of the town of
Durham, who shall be cx-ojjicio chairman, but have no vote
except in case of a tie, shall be and are hereby created a
bod}' corporate by the name of the " Durham Graded School
Committee," which shall have full control and management
of the " Durham Graded School," and each member of said
"Graded School Committee" shall continue in office until
his successor shall be elected or appointed and qualified.

Sec. 5. The Durham Graded School Committee may sue
and be sued, have a common seal, purchase and hold' real
and personal property not exceeding fifty thousand dollars
in value, and may adopt any rules and regulations for its
government not inconsistent with the laws of North Carolina.

Sec. 6. The principal and teachers of such graded public
school shall not be subject to the restrictions and limitations
as to salary, prescribed by section fifty-one of chapter sixty-
eight of Battle's Revisal ; but may be paid such compensa-
tion as the "Durham Graded School Committee" may deem
just and proper.

Sec. 7. This act shall be in force from and after its ratifi-
cation.

In the General Assembly read three times, and ratified this
the 9th day of March, A. D. 1881.

This school is now one of the most important and at the
same time one of the most flourishing institutions of the
town, and experience has demonstrated the fact that Dur-
ham with its great energy and enterprise, has never taken
a more positive step towards material, as well as intellectual
advancement, than in the establishment of its Graded
School. It is now past the domain of experiment and is
one of the fixtures which is pointed to with genuine pride
and admiration.

ITS ORIGIN.

In the Legislature of 1881, Hon. Caleb B. Green intro-
duced and secured the passage of a bill providing that when

Graded School.

so requested the Town Commissioners should submit to the
people for their ratiiScation or rejection the proposition to
levy annually a special tax of 20 cents upon the |100 worth
of real and personal projierty, and 75 cents upon the poll, for
the maintenance of a Graded School for the white race.
The bill provided for the election, by the Commissioners,
for a term of one year of a Board of Education and Learn-
ing, to be composed of three citizens of integrity and learn-
ing, and that this Board in conjunction with the Public
School Committee of the District, with the Mayor as chair-
man ex officio^ should compose the Durham Graded School
Committee.

After the passage of the bill but little was said of the
matter for some months, and many thought the Duriiam
Graded School was a thing of the distant future. However,
now and tlien, through the year 18S1, the importance of
the subject was urged through Mr. Green's paper, the lohacco
Plant. In February or March, 1882, the Commissioners
were petitioned to submit the proposition to the voters of
the town at the municipal election to be held the first Mon-
daj' in the following May. Accordingly, the election was
ordered and a vigorous campaign was instituted, which
grew more and more intense until it culminated in a most
decisive victory for the advocates of the School — the vote
being a little more than three to one in favor of the estab-
lishment of this institution.

As the duty of electing the Board of Education would
devolve upon the incoming Board of Commissioners, active
and successful efibrts weie made to elect citizens favorable
to the measure. By very large majorities, the following
gentlemen were elected Commissioners, viz: R.W.Thomas,
W. A. Lea, W. H. Rogers, R. D. Blacknall, and \V. H.
Rowland.

LEADERS OF THE MOVEMENT.

Where so man}' did such effective work in establishing
this school, it might appear invidious to discriminate in
ascribing leadership; but it is generally conceded that spe-
cial credit is due the following gentlemen for extraordinary
exertions in behalf of the movement, viz: C. B. Green, J.
B. Whitaker, Jr., John M. Moring, W. T. Blackwell, James
W. Jones, Js F. Freeland, D. C. Mangum, R. W. Thomas,
N. A. Ramsey and T. C. Oakley.

44 History of Durham.

The Hon. Wm. A. Guthrie, of Fayetteville, N. C.,is held
in grateful remembrance for valuable aid rendered during
this memorable campaign.

ORGANIZATION.

On June 5th, 1882, the Town Commissioners elected the
following gentlemen as the Durham Board of Education
and Learning, for a term of one year, viz : Messrs. Eugene
Morehead, J. B. Whitaker, Jr., and J. S. Carr. The School
Committee for the District, embracing the town, was com-
posed of Messrs. D. C. Gunter, William Maynor and T. C.
Oakley. The Board of Education and the School Commit-
tee, with the Mayor as chairman ex officio, constituted the
first Graded School Committee. Mr. J. S. Carr, being Presi-
dent of the Methodist Female Seminary, declined the posi-
tion tendered him on the Board, and on June 8th, 1882, the
Commissioners elected Mr. Bartholomew Fuller to fill the
vacancy.

The first meeting of the Committee was held June 10th,
1882. Mr. J. B. Whitaker, Jr., was elected Secretary and
Treasurer. Subsequently, it was determined to open the
School September 4th, 1882. Prof. E. W. Kennedy, a native
of Tennessee, but at this time occupying a position in the
Goldsboro Graded School, was elected Superintendent, with
the following corps of teachers : Prof. C. D. Mclver, Assis-
tant Superintendent, Mrs. M. E. Mahoney, Misses Lula
Freeland and Bessie Fanning. Later it was found neces-
sary to engage another male teacher, and Professor Price
Thomas, of Tennessee, was selected for the position.

THE SUPERINTENDfeXT.

As the success of a school depends very largely upon the
capability of the Superintendent, the committee was very
fortunate in securing tlie services of Prof. E. W. Kennedy
for this most important position. A fine scholar, experi-
enced in the graded system of instruction, with superior
executive ability, and without an equal in the State as a
disciplinarian, he has given abundant evidence by his con-
duct of the school that he is the "right man in the right
place." Devoted to his work, with a determination to suc-
ceed, and moreover, a close student, the increasing brilliancy

Graded School. 45

of his reputation attests that the highest success awaits him.
Prof. Kennedy has endeared liimself to the pupils, and is
regarded hy the citizens generally as a valuable member of
the community. During the vacation of 1SS4, he proposes
to visit Germany, Italy and other European countries, and
while absent will apply himself to special studies.

LOCATION.

Wright's Factory, on Main street, was leased, and during
the Summer of 1882 it was re-modeled and adapted in some
degree to the necessities of the school. It was supplied with
patent desks and seats and such other furniture and fixtures
as the means at command would warrant.

OPENING OF THE SCHOOL.

At the time previously designated, September 4th, 1882,
the doors of the school were opened for the reception of
pupils, and an important and memorable day it was in the
history of our thriving little city. Three hundred and eight
pupils were enrolled the first month.

In November, 1SS2, the school and the community sus-
tained a great loss in the death of Mr. B. Fuller, a member
of the Board of Education. A committee was appointed to
draft resolutions expressive of the loss of such a true friend
and wise counselor, and the school was adjourned as a mark
of respect.

Mr. S. F. Tomlinson was elected to fill the vacancy occa-
sioned b}' the death of Mr. Fuller.

Soon after the school was opened Mr. Eugene Morehead
donated $100 lor the purpose of supplying books to poor
children. He also loaned the committee a sum of money
for several months, without interest.

In December, 1882, the term of office of the Public School
Committeemen expired and the County Commissioners
elected the following gentlemen : Messis. C. B. Green, John
L. Markham and John V. Riggsbee.

The Graded School Act was amended b.y the Legislature
of 1883, as follows: Changed the word " Orange " to " Dur-
ham ;" provided that the Board of Education should be
composed of four members to serve for two years, and struck
out the clause creating the Mayor chairman ex officio of the

46 History of Durham.

Board. It also placed the general school fund of the Dis-
trict (for the white race) at the disposal of the committee.

THE LIBRARY.

Recognizing the importance of a Library in connection
with the school, on the 10th of May, 18S3, Profs. Kennedy
and Mclver started the ball in motion by the contribution
of a few volumes. These were followed by other dona-
tions, and at the meeting of the committee, May loth, 1883,
it was ordered that an admission fee be charged at the Ex-
hibition to be given by the school at the close of the first
year, and that the net proceeds be applied to the Library.
About $125.00 were realized from the Exhibition and the
Library has continued to grow from that time to the
present.

The Exhibition was a most creditable affair, and was
witnessed by one of the largest audiences ever assembled
in Stokes Hall. The order and regularity of movement of
so large a number of children were wonderful and elicited
general admiration.

NEW ADMINISTRATION.

On June 5th, 1883, the Town Commissioners elected as the
Board of Education for the ensuing term of two years,
Messrs. Eugene Morehead, J. B. Whitaker, .Jr., S. F. Tom-
linson, and Geo. W. Watts. Mr. Watts declined to serve,
and on June 18th, the Board of Education elected Mr. John
C. Angier in his place.

On June 6th, J 883, the Committee re-organized by electing
Mr. Eugene Morehead, President ; Mr. J. B. V/hitaker, .Jr.,
Secretary, and Mr. John L. Markham, Treasurer. At this
meeting, all the teachers of the past year were re-elected,
viz.: Prof. E. W. Kennedy, Superintendent; Profs. C. D. Mc-
lver and Price Thomas, Mrs. M. E. Mahoney, Misses Lula
Freeland and Bessie Fanning. All of these accepted, with
the exception of Mrs. Mahone3^ On June 25th, the following
additional teachers were elected : Mrs. S. T. Morgan, Misses
Dora Fanning, Ida Christmas and Eva Cox. August 9th,
1883, Prof. Price Thomas resigned to accept the Superinten-
dency of the New Berne Graded School. September 1st,
1883, Miss Ida Christmas resigned to accept a position in the

Graded School. 47

New Berne school. September Sth, notice was given that
Mr. John V. Rigsbee had resigned as a member of the Com-
mittee, and that in his place the Count}' Commissioners had
elected Mr. Wm. H. Rogers. On the same day, Prof. C. L.
Dowell, of Raleigh, was elected a teacher, vice Prof. Tliomas,
resigned.

Prof. C. D. Mclver, having been elected Assistant Super-
intendent of the Winston Graded School, tendered his resig-
nation, to take effect in January, 18S4, which was accepted
Prof. Thomas J, Simmons, of Fayetteville, was chosen to
fill the vacancy.

A NEW BUILDING PROPOSED.

The first official step towards the erection of a Graded
School Building was taken January IGth, 1884, when a com-
mittee was appointed to recommend a .site, ascertain price,
&c. The committee still have the matter under considera-
tion, and we venture the opinion that before the opening of
a new year there will be erected a handsome edifice for the
permanent use of the school.

FIRST GRADUATING CLASS.

The graduating class of 1884 will be composed of Misses
Katie Cox, Etta Fanning, Marion Fuller, .Jessie Lewellin,
Annie McGary, and Mr. Chas. A. W. Barham, Jr. Graduates
of the school are permitted to return and pursue any study
at pleasure.

ADVANTAGES TO NON-RESIDENTS.

The superior advantages afforded by our Graded School
are not confined to the citizens of the town. Pupils from
the^Clntry and from other towns will be received upon
payment of fees amounting to onl}' about one-half the regu-
lar charges of other schools. Many are availing themselves
of these extraordinary facilities, and this number will con-
tinue to increase. The school stands in the foremost ranks
of the educational institutions of the State, and when a good
thing can be procured at half-price people are not slow to
tivail themselves of it.

48 History of Durham.

FROM THE pupil's STANDPOINT.

The school is not only popular with the parents and guar-
dians, and older people generally, but it is held in still
higher regard, if possible, bj'' the pupils. So attached to it
are they that it requires strong persuasion or the interposi-
tion of parental authority to cause them to absent them-
selves even in extreme weather. To please the children,
parents often hire conve3'ances to take them to the building.
Such universal fondness for school was unknown before the
establishment of the Graded School. The attendance record
of this school stands without parallel in the State.

ITS FUTURE.

With age the school has grown stronger and its future
is bright with promises of great usefulness. The proba-
bilities are that generations yet unborn will rise up to bless
the founders and all who have contributed to the establish-
ment and perpetuity of so noble an institution.

LOCATION OF SITE FOR BUILDING.

Since the above was written, Mr. J. S. Carr has very gen-
erously donated a lot valued at $3,000, located on Railroad
street, near his residence. The Committee have accepted
the gift and also decided to purchase the lot adjoining, (the
property of Mr. W. W. Fuller,) for $2,500, making the value
of entire grounds, containing about one and a quarter acres,
$5,500. Efforts are now being made to raise funds for the
erection of a $12,500 or $15,000 building for the use of the
school. It is the purpose of the Committee to erect the
building this year.

THE STATUS OF THE COLORED RACE.

In passing it seems appropriate in this place to refer
briefly to the condition and position of the colored people
of North Carolina — and especially of this section of the
State. The impression prevails to some extent in the North-
ern States that though by the act of emancipation made
legally free, the negroes of the South are practically in as
complete subordination to the white people as ever they

The Colored Race. 49

were, and that the gift of freedom, instead of contributing
to their advancennent, has tended to repress them by reason
of the prejudice and opposition of the whites. Whatever
may be the case in other portions of the South — and we do
not believe it warranted in any portion — that impression is
entirely without foundation, except in conjecture or mis-
representation, so far as North Carolina is concerned. If
any people anywhere possess a full measure of liberty to do
for themselves as to themselves seems best, without let or
hindrance, it is the colored people — men, women and chil-
dren— of this State. In all public places they are cheerfully
allowed not only to assume but to assert their rights; and,
as a consequence, they are as " happy as the day is long,"
as the old saying goes. They sing at their work and at
their play without objection from their employers; and to
listen to their melodious strains on the raihvay cars, in
which some of them are always moving; in the great to-
bacco manufactories, or on the cotton or other plantations,
is a pleasure that is worth a long journey to enjoy. They
are contented and they are prospering. They are a class
still distinct from the whites, and for many years they must
remain so; but the kind consideration with which they are
every where treated in the State, and the many opportuni-
ties the State affords — educationally and industrially — for
their advancement to a higher plane of existence are cir-
cumstances that are helping them to push upward and on-
ward rapidly in the scale of being. Schools and churches
for them abound in all the towns and many of the villages,
and in all the avocations of life they have an equal chance
with their former masters and their descendants. Com-
mencing with nothing but their ability to labor, many of
them are now the owners of farms and farm stock, stores
and other business establishments, and in the possession of
what they have acquired they are as fairly protected as are
the whites. With all the primary branches of the tobacco
interest they are prominently identified, and it is for the
reason that they are so that we have devoted so much space
here to the subject of their welfare.

A large majority of all the hands employed in the facto-
ries and warehouses here, are colored, are well treated and
receive good wages. Blackwell's Durham Tobacco Co. em-
ploy about 500 men, women and children. They have large
and flourishing churches and schools, and so far as the
writer can ascertain, are contented and prosperous.

50 History op Duraam.

CHAPTER II.

THE BLACKWELL LITIGATION.

The Origin of and Title to the use of the Word " Dur-
ham," AND THE " Durham Bull," as Trade-Marks for
Smoking Tobacco, Being a Brief Review of the Liti-
gations BETWEEN W. T. BlACKWELL, L. L. ArMISTEAD

and W. E. Dibrell, with the Decisions of the Courts
IN Each Case.

The litigations of W. T. Blackwell & Co. are matters of
pertinent liistoric interest, so intimately connected with the
establishment, prosperity and fame of the town of Durham,
that the writer esteems a brief review of them due, not only
to the parties directly concerned financially, but also, as an
important industrial item in the annals of North Carolina.
The history of Durham, and indeed the history of the
State, would be incomplete without giving them appropri-
ate mention. Al'ter the unequivocal and thorough estab-
lishment by the U. S. Circuit Courts and the Patent Office,
of W. T. Black well's claims, it is fair to presume, after ex-
amination, that no honest and intelligent person can for a
moment doubt their validity, or attempt any further in-
fringement of the same. The first case we notice is that of
Armistead vs. Blackwell.

The history of this desperate attempt to defeat Blackwell
will be fully set forth in the following pages. The belief
has been entertained by many that one Wesley A. Wright
was the originator of the word " Durham " as a mark, and
so positive was he of his ability to sustain this claim that
L. L. Armistead was induced to espouse his caus^. But,
that the reader may have a clear and perfect understanding
of the matter at issue, it is necessary to state the material
difference in the issues joined before Judge Rives and Com-
missioner Leggett. Before Judge Rives Blackwell was
plaintiff and Armistead defendant; vice versa before the
Commissioner. In the early part of 1871, Mr. Blackwell,
having ascertained that one Louis L. Armistead, of Lynch-
burg, Va., not only claimed the right to use the celebrated
Bull Brand of Durham Tobacco, but also claimed its
actual ownership, and, anxious to test the matter in the

The BlacivWell Litigation. 51

courts, he applied for and obtained an order restraining
Armistead from the use of the brand. In due course of time
the matter came on to be heard, and attention is invited to
the opinion of one of Virginia's most worthy sous and tal-
ented jurists, the most casual digest of which will show how
unconditionally the court surrendered the brand to Blackwell,
and ordered Armistead to reimburse him. Armistead,
smarting under the blow, hoped by dropping the Bull, to
register the words "Durham Smoking Tobacco" as a trade-
mark. He appears before the patent office, and under the
solemnity of an oath, claims the exclusive use to the word " Dur-
ham " as a brand. Here again Blackwell meets him. It is
found that Blackwell has not only protected his brand by a
trade-mark on the words with the Bull, but has actually ob-
tained a trade-mark on the words independent of the Bull.
The last trade-mark Armistead swears is spurious, and asks
an interference. The Commissioner says, that while the
office erred in granting Blackwell his last trade-mark, it
cannot repeat the error in order that Armistead may be
placed upon the same footing. He therefore dismisses the
interference, refuses Armistead the right to register, and
thus leaves Blackwell with two trademarks.

The following is the opinion of the Court:

KiVES, J. — Tlie preliminary injunction in this case was
founded on the statements of the bill. In pursuance of the
notice required by statute, the defendant appeared and con-
tested its emanation upon ex parte affidavits assailing the
title of the plaintiffs. But in that incipient state of the pro-
ceedings it would not have been proper, if at all practicable,
to pass upon the merits of this defense; and the only ques-
tion then was, whether the case, as presented by the bill
and affected by this adverse testimony, was still such as to
require this day till the merits of the controversy could be
developed by further pleading and testimony. The pro-
priety of this interposition by the court will scarcely be now
questioned, as these further proceedings have shown the
case to be one of perplexity and doubt.

The pleadings have now been perfected. The defendant's
answer was duly filed, issue taken upon it, and the cause
set down for final hearing. A vast volume of testimony has
also been taken, some of it contradictory, and a vast deal
of it irrelevant and impertinent. It is to be regretted that
the zeal of counsel or the anxiety of parties should have so

52 History of Durham.

augmeiited the bulk of this testimony as to make a need-
lessly expensive record of it, and to devolve upon alien-
gaged in its examination a wearisome amount of unprofita-
ble reading. Still it is a subject of congratulation that the
cause is now fully developed in all its aspects and bearings,
and has been argued with a discriminating force and full-
ness of research alike masterly and instructive, and calcu-
lated to produce settled convictions one way or the other.

Our first task is to acquire accurate and precise ideas of
the issues made by the pleadings. If this be done, and then
the law be properly applied, it seems to me we can reach a
safe conclusion almost without resorting to the voluminous
testimony. The plaintiffs claim a trade-mark, designed in
1865 or 1866, and continuously used ever since. It is exem-
plified and made a part of their bill. The descriptive terms
are: "Genuine Durham Smoking Tobacco," and the sym-
bol or device is the side view of a Durham bull. They as-
sert that this trade-mark has been, violated by the defendant
in using, under date of January, 1871, tliis term: "The
Durham Smoking Tobacco," and the symbol or device of
"a bull's head," with a note of the defendant of Wright's
patent for the manufacture of " Genuine Durham Smoking
Tobacco." This latter trade-mark of the defendant is also
exemplified in the bill and placed in juxtaposition and con-
trast with plaintiffs' trade-mark.

The answer, while calling for full proof of the allegations
of the bill, does not directly deny this statement, but rests
the defence upon three chief grounds : 1. The prior use of
this trade-mark by VV^right, (under whom the defendant
claims,) as far back as 1860 ; 2. That the defendant's trade-
mark is not an infringement of the plaintiffs', but is wholly
dissimilar; and, 3, That the plaintiffs by fraudulent repre-
sentations in the premises, have deprived themselves of all
equitable assistance.

The main contest is considered by all parties and the
counsel in this case to rest upon the irriority in the use of
this disputed trade-mark. The defendant does not pretend
that AVright, under whom he claims, ever used the identi-
cal trade-mark set up by the plaintiffs. On the contrary,
he takes especial pains to show that he placed no particular
value on the term ^^ Durham, ^^ which he now asserts belonged
in common to his and plaintiff's brands. The discovery
which he had made, and for which he seeks protection^ was

The Blackwell Litigation. 53

his preparation for or mode of treating smoking tobacco,
so as to mitigate its noxious qualities and impart to it an
agreeable flavor. This is the merit he claims; this the pro-
cess he has patented. The testimony and the ansvrer con-
cur in proving that the whole merit of this smoking to-
bacco, and its celebrity, were due to the use of the flavoring
he gave his tobacco. He was confessedly the first to com-
mence its manufacture at Durham station. There was noth-
ing in the locality he could have reasonably counted upon
to commend^ his manufacture to the public. But, if we are
to credit the defendant's answer and his testimony in this
cause, it was his discovery .of the flavoring compound on
which he plumed himself. Accordingly it was this which
he emblazoned on his stencil-plate. Take his own state-
ment for the present, and what was his brand? "Best
Spanish Flavored Durham Smoking Tobacco." What, in
view of the pleadings and evidence in this cause, is the
characteristic — the vital element — of this trade-mark. Man-
ifestl}', "Best Spanish Flavored." That was the only con-
spicuous and discriminating element of this trade-mark.
" Durham," if indeed a part of it, was, upon the defendant's
own showing, subordinate and insignificant. Now, the
plaintiffs concede in the fullest manner Wright's superior
title to the use and brand of his flavoring compound, and
disclaim in their process any infringement of it; nor does
it appear there has been any, nor indeed any formal com-
plaint of it.

The pretension of the defendant, then, amounts to this:
that because, in 18G0, he branded his smoking tobacco
" Best Spanish Flavored Durham," wholly because of the
mode in which he flavored it, no subsequent manufacturer
of the article at Durham, without the use of his process,
shall brand his as "Genuine Durham Smoking Tobacco,"
with a symbol which he never used. My reply is that, un-
der the circumstances of his use of the name "Durham,"
there was nothing in it so descriptive as to restrain succeed-
ing manufacturers at the same place from engrafting it on
their brand, so long as they laid no claim to nor made any
use of his " best flavored Spanish " compound, which he in-
deed appropriated by this first and original use of this only
conspicuous term on his stencil-plate in 1860-'61. It must
be remembered that Wright was only in the infanc}' of this
manufacture at Durham ; and that others followed and de-
4

54 History of Durham.

veloped it till the plaintiffs instituted their brand in 1865
and 1866.

Conceding, then, all the defendant claims by virtue of his
purchase from Wright, he fails, in my opinion, to rebut the
plaintiffs' title by proving a brand as used by Wright pre-
viously, wherein " Best Flavored Spanish " was the distin-
guishing attribute and " Durham,'' under the circumstan-
ces at that time, a mere unmeaning incident. Thus stands
this point in the light of the pleadings alone, the allega-
tions of the plaintiffs. on the one hand, and the denials aad
defenses of the defendant on the other.

The testimony as to the fact whether the term "Durham "
was ever upon the stencil-plate of Morris & Wright is con-
tradictory. But in my mind it preponderates against the
existence of that name in that brand. Counsel have adroitly
insisted that the testimony against it is negative, and cannot
from its nature, however commanding, overcome clear
affirmative proofs. The proposition of law involved in the
statement is correct; but the whole inquiry is into a fact,
namely: What was the stencil used by Morris & Wright?
Some, on the one hand, who had used it, declare with em-
phasis it was: "Morris & Wright's Best Spanish Flavored
Smoking Tobacco ;" others, but mainly Wright and his two
sons — the latter at the time but boys — stated it as " Morris
& Wright's Best Spanish Flavored Durham Smoking To-
bacco." The proofs, therefore, on both sides, are equally
affirmative. If, then, it be left in doubt, we must look to
the probabilities of the case to turn the scales. What mo-
tive could have existed with Wright, all whose reliance was
upon the merits of his flavoring compound, to invoke the
name of a small, thriftless station on a railroad, settled by
only two or three families, with a store and this factor}^, to
invoke its name to give celebrity to the preparation to which
he solely looked for his reward? It seems to me extremely
improbable, upon ordinary grounds of reason and human
action, to suppose that he used " Durham " on his stencil at
all. On comparing and weighing the testimony on both
sides, I am constrained to adopt the conclusion that he did
not. Neither he nor his vendee, therefore, have any claim
to contest, under this state of the evidence, the validity of
the plaintiff's trade-mark and his original and paramount
•title thereto.

It cannot be denied that it is abundantly proven in this

The Blackwell Litigation. 55

cause, that the manufacture of Morris & Wright, and of
those who succeeded them at Durham, was known, called,
and distinguished in the market as " Durham " smoking
tobacco. It is on this notorious fact in the cause that the
able and ingenious argument has been raised that the pub-
lic, by its voice, may appropriate and consecrate to an indi-
vidual property in a designation by which he may choose
to denote any product of his industr}'. But I can find no
warrant for such proposition in law on this subject. On the
contrary, it is distinctly laid down by the authorities, that
it is only the actual use of the mark, device, or symbol b}^ the
dealer which entitles him to it, and gives him the right to
be protected in the enjoyment of it.

The doctrine on this Subject has grown with commerce,
and has assumed the form and title of a distinct body of law
under the moulding hand of able judges, who have sought
in their decisions to establish its guiding principles, and of
acute commentaiors and essayists, who have exerted the pow-
ers of a superior analysis and discrimination to extricate from
doubt the true maxims of this beneficent code of business
ethics.

So much of it as is necessary or material for our present
inquiry is comprehended in a single proposition. It is the
5e?7M«a^ principle of the wholedoctrine. The simple statement
of it is, that the dealer has property in his trade-mark. This
is allowed him because of the right which every man has to
the rewards of his industry and the fruits of his discover}',
and because of the wrong of permitting one man to use as his
own that which belongs to another. In regard to the latter,
it may be well said, that any imitation of a trade-mark, calcu-
lated todeceive the unwary customer, differs from an absolute
forgery, not in the nature, but rather in the extent of the
injury. The dissimilarity to the expert wholesale dealer may
be such as to save him from the imposition, but too slight, and
that perhaps by design, to diminish sales to the incautious
purcliaser. But, uponthe success of fraud depends, ultimately,
the extent of the injury. Let the spurious fabrication meet
with the same sale, among private and individual consumers,
as the genuine article, and the wholesale dealer loses all motive
for the exercise of his skill in detection when he, perhaps, can
reap better profits from the spurious, and therefore cheaper,
than from the genuine article. In this way a simulated trade-
mark may work the same mischief, and to the same extent,
as a forgery, defying detection at the hands of the exvert.

56 History of Durham.

With this brief vieu' of the law. I proceed to examine the
second ground of defense : that the defendant has not infringed
the trade-mark of the plaintiffs. This is scarcely the subject
of argument. It must be referred to ocular examination and
decision. Place the respective trade- marks side b}' side, con-
trast the labels, the words, and the devices, and each one's
vision must determine for himself whether the imitation is
such as to deceive the unpractised and unwary customer. It
matters not uovv', in the critical inspection of them, and aided
b}' ingenious counsel, we can clearly discern differences
between the two. The true question is, whether taking the
" tout ensemble,''' Armistead's trade-mark might not pass with
the unwary for that of Wm. T. Blackwell & Co.; and, if that
be so, the wrong is done, and Ihe title of the latter to be
protected by this court is consummated. For m}'- part I do
not see how trade-marks so similar could escape being con-
founded in the market. One reads, " Genuine Durham Smo-
king Tobacco"; the other, ''The Durham Smohing Tobacco"
This use of the definite article makes these phrases equivalent.
To remove all doubt, and aid the deception, in the note of
sale of the patent to Armistead, it reads, for " Genuine Dur-
ham Smoking Tobacco." Thus the language, to this extent, of
the labels is identical. Now, as to the symbols or devices,
one is the side view of the Durham bull ; the other, that of
his head, on a medallion. The one symbolizes, by a part, the
name " Durham " as effectually as the other does by the whole.
The color of the paper is also the same. Whether this simu-
lation be the product of accident or design, does not matter.
It is the province of this court to suppress it in either case.
It is a little curious, however, to note that Wright's first
label, at Liberty or in Bedford, was wholly different, and that,
after his son had seen plaintiff's trade-mark in Kentucky, and
after his return to his father, the present trade-mark, as
transferred to the defendant, w'as adopted by Wright.

The third and.last ground of defense is that the plaintiffs
have forfeited their right to relief in this court by reason of
their false and fraudulent pretensions. This is upon the
ancient and familiar principle that those v\ho do iniquity
must not ask ncr expect equity. It is worthy of all acceptaton.
It is a hoary maxim, hallowed by its age, and, unlike some
other equally sacred antiquities, it is as yet unassailed by
the spirit of change or reckless progress. I adhere to it. But
the charges are serious and demand investigation.

The Blackwell Litigation. 57

The first is, that the plaintiffs sent out business envelopes
and business cards, giving the year ISGO as the date of the
establishment of their enterprise. In the absence of explana-
tion, this might well impugn the bona fides of the plaintiffs,
as in their bill they fix it no earlier than 1865. But was this
statement by mistake or design ? Have the plaiuliffs failed
to account for it? A junior member of the firm was examined
and showed how it all occurred innocevthj, and without intent
to deceive. He ordered the ]irinting and gave the date ; soon
after the packages were received and opened in the presence
of Dr. Blackwell : the latter saw the error of the date and
corrected it; and the witness stated that he proceeded to cor-
rect the misdate by writing the figure (5) over the cipher in
1860, so as to make the date 1865, as corrected by Dr. Black-
well, but that some might have gone out before the correc-
tion. The exhibits made by the defendant of these envelopes
and cards corroborate, rather than conflict, with the witness.
That should not be taken for fraud which is proved b}' an
unimpeached witness to have been a mistake on his part.
Besides, there was no reasonable motive for such misrepre-
sentation ; the plaintiffs had nothing to gain by it, but much
to lose on the hypothesis of the counsel for the defendant.
The next is a charge of falsehood in representing that the
label was secured by copyright. There is not a particle of
proof to that effect. Argument and ridicule alone are relied
on to show the inapplicability and absurdity of a copyright
for snch a print. The language of the statute is certainly
comprehensive enough to embrace a label of this kind. (Act
of July 8, 1870, § 86, U. S. Stats, at Large, vol. 16, p. 212.)
The object of sucli copyright is to secure to " the author,
inventor or designer" of any such " print" the sole liberty of
printing and vending the same. It forbids the surreptitious
use and the illegal sale of his labels. This is a perfectly legit-
imate resort to copyright in such a case and for such a pur-
pose. It would, indeed, hj absurd and ridiculous if the
object were, as sarcastically portrayed b}-- counsel, to protect
the designer against the unlawful multiplication of such
ycleped works of art. The dealer seeks merely by his copy-
right to keep the printing and vending of his labels in his own
hands and under his control. It has been resorted to in other
cases, as for instance, in the case of Wolfe v. Goulard, Cox's
Am. Trade-Mark Cases, page 227, for the label of "Schiedam
Schnapps." There is nothing unreasonable or incredible iu

58 History of Durham.

this claim of the plaintiffs to a copyright for their label ;
nor is there anj'thing in the testimony or the law to lead us
to discredit it and brand it as a falsehood.

It seems to me, therefore, that both these charges are un-
founded. They spring from the heat of forensic contests.
They pertain to the polemics of the bar. Their effect is to
provoke recrimination. Hence, the plaintiffs' counsel re-
taliate by imputing falsehood to the defendant in dating his
purchase of Wright 1st of January, when he had stated
in his answer he would not bu^^ till he had ascertained his
title by certificates ; and those very certificates bore the
subsequent date of the 6th of that month. The imputa-
tion seems plausible; but the transaction is susceptible of a
more charitable construction, v\'hich I deem it my duty to
put upon it. Dates are commonly immaterial, and often
misapplied in business transactions. The main fact is
doubtless correctly stated by the defendant, though he is
made himself to confront it by a mistaken date.

I am glad, therefore, to have it in my power to state that
there is nothing in this cause to affect the fair fame of the
parties, plaintiffs or defendant. They are, doubtless, respect-
able men, and enterprising manufacturers of tobacco in
their respective communities. They are engaged, as I be-
lieve, in the honest pursuit of their rights as they respect-
ively understand them. The defendant has acted on the
information of another, under whom he claims. He has
obeyed the order of this court. The only thing I have to
regret is, that the same deference was not paid by another
manufacturer, who, though no party to this suit, could not
have been ignorant of it from his near relation to the de-
fendant. But the plaintiffs have not chosen to bring him
before this court, save by proving his acts in the use of the
simulated mark, notwithstanding the injunction upon his
brother.

I am sure the plaintiffs and the defendant, as enterprising
dealers, will find their ultimate interests subserved by the
doctrine I have sought to expound and maintain as to their
trade-marks. Whoever may now be the loser by it may
soon have occasion to invoke it for his own protection ; and
they, whose rights are now sustained, must learn thereby
to respect those of other competitors in their business, at
the same time that they may take encouragement to them-
selves from their present success. All intelligent men, en-

The Blackwell Litigation. 59

gaged in manufactures or other enterprises, must sooner or
later become reconciled to losses, in whatever favored quar-
ter they ma}'' fall, that may be fairly viewed as penalties for
the infraction, however unintentional, of laws, well settled,
designed and calculated to vindicate tho honor, advance
the morals, and promote the interests of trade.

For these reasons I decree the perpetuation of the injunc-
tion, and ord^r an account to be taken by a master of the
profits made b}^ the defendant from his sales under the
simulated trade-mark aforesaid.

ALEX. RIVES,
JJ. S. DisL Judge fo?' West. Dist. of Virginia.

Clerk's Office U. S. Circuit Court,
West. Dist. of Virginia, at Lynchburg. _

I hereby certify, that the foregoing document of 17 pages
is in the handwriting of Hon. Alex. Rives, Judge of this
District.

Witness my hand and seal this 1st day of May, A. D.
1872.

E. W. EARLY,

[seal.] Clerk.

IN THE UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURT,

For the Western District of Virginia,

March Term, 1872.

W. T. Blackwell & J. S. Carr, partners,'^
under the style of Wm. T. Blackwell, I j p„.^p

L. L. Armistead. J

BILL TO ENJOIN VIOLATION OF TRADE-MARK.

The case of Blackwell v. Armistead came on to be heard
at the March terra, A. D. 1872!

The case had been prepared with great care and was de-
fended with marked ability. Connected directly or indi-
rectly therewith were the following counsel :

60 History of Durham.

For Mr. BlackweU,^ the 'plaintiff— Messrs. W. & J. W. Daniel,
of Lyncliburg ; Phillips & Meriimon, of Raleigli; Bouldin,
Marshall & Bouldin, of Richmond, and Cox & Cox, of
AVashingtou, D. C.

For defendant, Mr. Armistead — Messrs. Bocock & Davis and
B. G. H. Kean, of Lynchburg; Jones & Jones, of Raleigh;
A. H. & R. K. Evans, of Washington, D. 0.

After about three da3's spent in able and exhaustive ar-
gunaent on both sides, the case vras submitted to the court,
and upon consideration decided in Mr. Blackwell's favor,
the decree being for an account of all the profits made by
Mr. Armistead from sales of tobacco under the brand of
" Duriiam Smoking Tobacco," with a cut representing the
head of a Durham Bull.

In the Interference between 1 In the U. S. Pat-

L. L. Armistead and W. T. Blackwell. J ent Office.

This case was first heard before Commissioner Brown,
who decided that the applicant, Mr. Armistead, was entitled
to the use of the word " Durham," as a trade-mark. From
this decision Mr. Blackwell took an appeal to the Commis-
sioner, the final authority in .the case. The interference
was elaborately and ably argued on both sides. Mr. Arm-
istead was represented by the following counsel : Messrs.

A. H. & R. K. Evans; and Mr. Blackwell by Messrs. Cox &
Cox, and W. W. Leggett, Esq. After a very careful and criti-
cal examination — a decision having been postponed nearly
a month — the Commissioner reversed the decision of the
Examiner and gave judgment in favor of W. T. Blackwell,
thus substantially acquiescing in the opinion of Judge

■Rives. The following is an extract from the brief filed by
Cox & Cox, counsel for Blackw^ell, and fully sets forth the
merits of the case :

"The substance ol the applicant's (Armistead) preliminary
statement is as follows : That Wesley A. Wright, a citizen
of Virginia, having removed to Durham, N. C, commenced
the manufacture of smoking tobacco in association with T.

B. Morris, under the firm of Morris & Wright, using in the
manufacture of said smoking tobacco his (Wright's) flavor-
ing compound, subsequently patented.

The Blaczwell Litigation. 61

111 the following year, 1861, said Wright Continued the
manufacture of smoking tobacco, individually, at a point
about two miles from Durham ; that the tobacco so manu-
factured by said Wright in 1860 and 1861 was sometimes
branded with a stencil and sometimes otherwise marked, and
very soon became widely known as "Durham Smoking To-
bacco," the precise brand as first used being " Best Spanish
Flavored Durham Smoking Tobacco."

That said Wright was the first person who ever manu-
factured smoking tobacco at Durham; was the originator
of the use of the word " Durham " as descriptive of smoking
tobacco; that this tobacco was much sought after in the
markets, a special value attaching to it in consequence of
the flavoring compound used in its preparation, which
value was designated by the word " Durliam ; " that said
Wright, being in service, ins operations were suspended
during the war. After the war his circumstances were such
that he did not carry on business until 1869, when he again
manufactured tobacco.

Respondent's (Blackwell) statement is, in substance, that
the word " Durham " was first used as a trade-mark for
smoking tobacco by J. R. Green, his assignor, who ap{)]ied
it in the year 1865.

The inception of this controversy is described by Mr.
Armistead in his answer (p. 37) substantially as follows :
Sometime in 1870, W. A. Wright came to him and informed
him that he (Wright) was the owner of " the Durham
brand." Knowing the said brand to be popular, Mr. Arm-
istead entered into a provisional contract, the condition of
which was, that if Mr. Wright could produce satisfactory
and sufficient evidence that he was the owner of the said
brand, he (Armistead) would purchase it. Accordingly Mr.
Wright proceeded to the town of Durham, and returned with
a certificate setting out that no person other than W. A.
Wright was entitled to use said brand. This certificate is
sworn by Mr. Armistead to have been sufficient, and was
printed and circulated as conclusive of the facts set forth.
More than this, the signers are described as "gentlemen of
high standing and character." (p. 55.) It was i^uhesita-
tingly accepted by Mr. Armistead as a full performance of
the condition of the provisional contract, and at once acted
upon. (p. 37.)

Now, if the testimony of these "gentlemen of high stand-

62 History of Durham.

ing and chara<iter" was sufficient, to establish one fact, in
equity Mr. Armistead is estopped to deny tliat it is sufficient
to establisli another. But whether he is estopped or not,
he is committed to the fact that ho accepted their evidence
as conclusive of Mr. Wright's title.

The signers of the said certificate were W. Y. Clark, Wm.
Mangum, R. Vickers,?. J. Mangum, S. Shepherd and Nash
Booth, all of whom are witnesses in this case, the first for
applicant, and the others for Mr. Blackwell.

W. Y. Clark, applicant's witness, says, on cross-examina-
tion, in respect to said certificate :

" I can't say I understood the paper at the time Mr.
Wright read it to me. As I knew he was the first man that
put up plug and smoking tobacco at Durham, I signed it.
Can't say that I did mean to convey the idea that he was
the originator of the Durham brand, as I never saw the
brand." (p. 148.)

Wm. Mangum (p. 93) says :

" I signed a paper Mr. Wright had concerning smoking
tobacco, * * stating that he was manufacturing smoking
tobacco. * * I dij not read the paper; signed it on his
representation ; did not understand him to mean that he
was the first to use the word Durham. I simply meant to
say that he and Morris were the first to make smoking to-
bacco here. I can't read writing unless it is very good; I
am a very poor scholar."

Riley Vickers (p. 88) says :

" Mr. W. A. Wright and Mr. Clark came to my house
with an instrument of writing, and stated that he was put-
ting up tobacco. * * I had the paper in my hand, but
did not examine it much. 1 thought that was the purport
of it; that is, that he was the first to put up tobacco. I did
not know what the smoking tobacco first put up at Durham
was called."

P. J. Mangum (p. 124) says:

" Mr. Wright brought the paper to me ; I was then run-
ning an engine, and hesaid he wanted to get some signers
* " to show * * that he could work the Durham to-
bacco. -^ * I never read it; onlj^read a few lines on the
top ; was too busy to read ; did not propose to say or do
anything to establish the fact that Mr. W. A. Wright was
the originator of Durham brand smoking tobacco."

The Blackwell Litigation. 63

Solomon Shepherd (p. 70) says :

" The first of this year I think Mr. W. A. Wright came
to my house and told me he had a paper writing, and asked
me if I would sign it; he told * * he was manufac-
turing tobacco; * * said he could not sell his tobacco
within ten cents of what Durham tobacco brought. * *
I was verj' feeble ; had had a long spell of sickness ; read
part of his paper; was very badly written. * * I certi-
fied that Mr. Wright was the first to manufiicture smoking
tobacco at Durham. * * j did [not] read all of Mr.
Wright's letter, and do not know whether the printed cer-
tificate is an exact copy of the paper I signed or not."

Nash Booth (p. 126) says :

" I did not read it; signed it on Mr. Wright's representa-
tion. My understanding was that he wanted to show that
he was the first man who worked smoking tobacco at this
place."

That all these witnesses should have signed the certificate
under a misapprehension of Mr. Wright's representations is
significant. And that all of them should declare that he
attempted to perpetrate a fraud upon them, and through
them upon the public, is a fact that affords an appropriate
introduction to this and its kindred proceedings. By means
of misre])resentation Mr. Wright was enabled to complete
his contract with Mr. Armistead, and by virtue of those
misrepresentations Mr. Armistead is here to-day.

THE QUESTION OF PRIORITY.

The first finding of the Examiner is as follows:

First. That the firm of Wesley A. Wright, [Morris &
Wright,] the assignor of Louis L. Armistead, the applicant,
was the first to adopt and use a trade-mark, the essential
element of which was the word " Durham," for smoking
tobacco.

And the first question arising thereunder is: What was
the Brand used by the firm of Morris & Wright ?

It is claimed by Mr. Armistead that the word " Durham "
vTas used by the firm of Morris & Wright in 18G0. Their
.brand was, according to his allegations, " Morris & Wright's
Best Spanish Flavored Durham Smoking Tobacco ;" and
according to Mr. Blackwell, " Morris & Wright's Best Span-
ish Flavored Smoking Tobacco." Upon this point issue is

64 History of Durham.

joined. There is no earlier use set up, tlie only question
being on the words embraced in the brand used by said
firm.

Let us turn to the evidence. The following witnesses de-
pose that the brand of Morris & Wright contained the word
" Durham :" W. A. Wright, J. E. M, Wright, W. P. Wright,
Pompey Gordon.

These four are the onh^ ones who sustain Mr. Armistead
upon this point. Not another of his witnesses pretends to
have any knowledge of the mark of said firm. We consider
their testimony in turn.

W. A. Wright's statement is distinct and positive.

The next two, however, both sons of W. A. Wright, one
of whom, at the time the alleged brand is said to have been
used, was but eleven, and the other but fifteen years of age,
(pp. 195, 224,) differ materially in their statements, thus con-
firming the natural inference that they would not be likely
to retain a very clear impression of any brand used so long
ago. But in this connection we waive any critical objection
to them, as well as to their father, suggesting only their
very great interest in the premises, and the probable, nay
inevitable, consultations, v\'hich increased their (perhaps)
very proper bias, and resulted in a reasonable agreement as
to facts.

Pompey Gordon, however, we must protest against, as too
brazen an attempt to impose upon judicial credulit}'.

Pompey says (p. 146):

" While in the service of Messrs. Morris & Wright, which
was in the year ISGO, I rolled plug tobacco and helped to
put up smoking tobacco. Their smoking tobacco was put
up, * * and branded with a plate. * * ' Morris & Wright's
Best Spanish Flavored Durham Smoking Tobacco, Durham,
N. C I did not know what the letters 'N. C meant at that
time, as I was not then educated; but have since found that
' N. C meant North Carolina, and this is why I recollect so
well the brand of Morris & Wright."

On cross-examination (p. 147), Pompey says he could
neither read nor write. How he could swear to the words
that were " branded " on the tobacco, it is not necessary to
inquire. Clearly his evidence can have no weight.

The above is the sum total of Mr. Armistead's testimony
on this point.

The evidence presented by Mr. Blackwell is, we submit,

The Blackvvell Litigation. 65

in every respect satisfactory, and entirely overcomes the
depositions of the three Wrights.

The following witnesses swear positively that they lived
at Durham at the time Morris & Wright made tobacco, and
that the brand used by said Morris & Wright was that
alleged by Mr. Blackwell, and did not contain the word
"Durham":

Thomas B. Morris, Mr. Wright's partner, who appears to
have conducted the business of the firm. (p. 94.)

J. R. Blacknall, a farmer, who says he was frequently in
the factory of Morris & Wright, (p. 85.)

A. J. Carroll, a carf»cnter, who sold smoking tobacco for
the firm of Morris & Wright, (p. 77.)

J. M. Hern don, a farmer, who also sold tobacco for said
firm. (p. 89.)

B. C. Hopkins, a school teacher, who taught at Durham,
(p. 83.)

J. H. Watson, a mail contractor, and a resident of Chapel
Hill. (p. 280.)

W. G. Guess, a farmer, who saw said firm put up and
brand their tobacco, (p. 131.)

R. F. Morris, a tobacconist, who saw the stencil plate of
said firm, and often helped to use it. (p. 74.)

W. H. Bowles, tobacconist, and a resident of Tally Ho.
(p. 66.)

E. W. Morris, a tobacconist, (p. 283.)

The testimoney of these witnesses is corroborated by S.
Shepherd, (p. 70,) a farmer ; J. W. Cheek, (p. 120,) a mer-
chant; W. Mangum, (p. 93,) a carpenter; M. H. Turner, (p.
130,) a farmer, and others.

The great preponderance in favor of Mr. Blackwell must
be held to overcome the testimony of the three Wrights, and
compels the conclusion that the brand used by said firm of
Morris & Wright was " Morris & Wright's Best Spanish Fla-
vored Smoking Tobacco," without the word Durham.

It cannot be claimed that any of this evidence is negative.
As is said by Judge Rives, the question is, What brand was
used by the firm of Morris & Wright? Mr. Armistead pro-
duces the three Wrights, who, perhaps, swear that it was
one thing, while Mr. Blackwell produces a dozen or more
competent witnesses who swear tiiat it was something else.
Nor can it be claimed that the latter arc interested, for at
least three-fourths of them are not tobacconists, or in any

66 History of Durham.

manner connected with Durham tobacco. Upon any fair
hypothesis, it must be decided that, according to the evi-
dence, the word "Durham" was not a part of the brand em-
ployed by the said firm of Morris & Wright.

When to the great preponderance in respondent's favor is
added the weighty consideration that a United States Court
has found, as a matter of fact, (see Opinion of Rives, J.,) that
the word was not used in the brand in question, we cannot
but feel that any impartial mind will be forced to accept the
respondent's story as that which must be believed.

MR. Wright's, OPERATIONS at barbee's.

The above carries us down to the first of the year 1861,
when Mr. Wright removed to Barbee's, three miles from
Durham, where he put up tobacco until the close of 1861.

Let us see what is advanced, if anything, showing the use
of the word "Durham " there.

We commence with Mr. Wright. The examiner says :
« Wright * * swears that he * * continued to use it
(the word Durham) after he had removed his factory from
Durham's." With all respect, Wright swears no such thing.
On the contrary, he cannot be made to swear it. His evi-
dence on this point is as follows:

"Q. State how the tobacco put up at Barbee's was packed
or sold, and whether it was branded or marked, and how?

" A. Some of it was sold in barrels and some in bulk. That
sold in bulk was sold by sample, and afterwards put up in
boxes to be delivered. A portion of that was marked with
a pencil brush, to be delivered in Raleigh. I don't recollect
distinctly. My impression is, that it was marked with a
pencil brush Durham Smoking Tobacco. I know I sold it
as such. I also put the weights on the barrels. The bal-
ance of it was sold by sample, and after that put up in boxes.
I remember one large box sold to Cheek. The balance was
in barrels. A remnant of that lot didn't have the entire
flavoring. The lot I sold to Cheek was not branded."
(p. 237.)

Nov/, may it please your honor, we submit that an anal-
vsis of this answer must end in two results. It must compel
the conclusion that Mr. Wright's testimony is Vv^holly unre-
liable, and that he did not mark the tobacco made at
Barbee's.

The Blackwell Litigation. 67

If, as he sa3's, he carried the word Durham in his head,
and knew it to be a brand of very great value and repute, is
it fair to suppose that he could not remember the fact, had
he used it? Is it not contrary to reason to fancy for a mo-
ment that he could recollect every detail in the history of
the brand of Morris & Wright ; that he could recall the phra-
seology of letters ; that no circumstance afiecting the coveted
word escaped his memory while at Durham ; and yet that
he cannot remember whether or not he used, while at Bar-
bee's, what he claims as substantiall}' the same brand used
by Morris & Wright? He cannot remember a single in-
stance in which he used it, altliough the alleged period of
use covers an entire year. Again, your honor, he remem-
bers putting the weights upon the boxes and barrels; re-
members how he packed and sold it, nay, he remembers he
did not brand a certain lot sold to Cheek. Could he remem-
ber, we ask in all candor, that a particular box was not
branded, and fail to remember some box that was? How
did he happen to recollect this box he sold to Cheek, and
the fact of its being without a brand? Did it impress his
mind as being an exception ? If it did, he convicts himself,
for a recollection of an exception compels a recollection of
the rule. It is simply child's play to contend that a man
may recall something different from what he was accus-
tomed to do, without recalling that from which he had de-
parted.

May it please your honor, the conviction is irresistible.
Mr. Wright did not use the word Durham upon the tobacco
put up at Barbee's. He could not have done so and for-
gotten it.

But, in any event, he swears only as to his " impression "
in the premises, which, interested as he is, must go for
nothing.

J. E. M. Wright cannot be made to say that the tobacco
put up at Barbee's was branded or marked, and yet he, like
his father, remembers every part and feature of the pre-
tended brand of Morris & Wright, as well as other matters
equally liable to escape the mind.

W. P. Wright, (p. 226,) deposes as follows:

" Q. State whether the tobacco made at Durham station
in 18G0, and in the vicinity in 1861, was called or known
by any name or designation, and if so, what was it?

" A. It was called by the name of ' Durham Smoking To-
bacco.'"

68 HisTOKY OF Durham.

The same witness, on cross-examination, (p. 234,) deposes
as follows:

" Q. Did he, or did he not, whilst at the place near Dur-
ham, put up tobacco for his neiglibors, and did tliey not re-
ceive it from him, either loose or in barrels, boxes, or bags,
which they sent for the purpose of taking the tobacco away,
and did or did not other boxes, barrels, or bags go from the
factory without any mark on it?

A. While near Durham he put it up for himself and sold
it, and in whatever he put it up in, he marked it Durham
Smoking Tobacco, and directed it to Vvdioever it was to go
to; there wan't any bags at all. That was the only mark I
recollect its having on it.

Q. Did he not sell some of this tobacco loose or in bulk?

A. Xot that I know of; I think it was all boxed up or
barrelled up that he sent from the factory."

It vv'ill be observed that this witness fiatlv contradicts his
father, (p. 237 ;) Mr. Cheek, (p. 120 ;) Mr: Geer, (p. 142 ;)
and others, who depose that Mr. W. A. Wright put up to-
bacco for his neighbors; that all the tobacco made at Bar-
bee's v.-as not branded ; and that a considerable part of it
was sold in bulk. This same witness makes other state-
ments that are equally conclusive of his unreliability. He
saj's his father " never told any one" of his pretended secret ;
that the brand of Morris and Wright was applied to all the
tobacco put up in packages at Durham; that Robt. Morris
was in partnership with his father, at Durham, whereas it
was Thomas B. Morris.

Again, he says positively there " wan't any bags at all ; "
whereas Barbee says he hauled a load of the tobacco to
Raleigh put up in bags. (pp. 127, 128.)

It is clear that the interest of this witness is so great that
his discretion is overbalanced, and he goes so far that he can-
not be believed. He is not only too ready and v/illing to
swear to vvdiat he could by no possibility know, but he con-
tradicts facts that are established and admitted to be beyond
doubt.

One other witness only is offered by the applicant to prove
the use by Mr. Wright at Barbee's who swears that he first
knew Durham Smoking tobacco in the fall of 1862, and
that he bought a lot of W. A. Wright. Now, as Mr. Wright
was in the army in the fall of 1862, this witness' deposition
does not materially help the applicant's case. It is, of course,

The Blackwell Litigation. 69

to be excluded, as not entitled to credence. But, good or
bad, he says the tobacco was called Durham, and that it was
not branded. (L. W. Pejk, p. 146 )

And here we rest. Substantially not another line to sus-
tain a claim that is to result in the overthrow of the indus-
try of a whole community. The " impression " of one man
and the memor}- of an illiterate boy of sixteen, whose evi-
dence bears all the ear-marks of unreliability, are the only
evidences of title to the name of a town and all that its
people are worth. There is rebutting testimony, however,
that, although in a degree negative in its character, is amply
sufficient to overcome that above cited, even if it were en-
titled to full credence. The people living about Durham
evidently knew little or nothing of Mr. Wright's tobacco.
It appears to have had no reputation, and probably to have
been made at hap-hazzard, or for other parties.

Dr. Blacknall (pp. 62, 63,) thinks it was called Wright's
tobacco, and says it had no repute.

E. W. Morris thinks Mr. Wright used no brand at all
while at Barbee's. (p. 2S3.)

Solomon Shepherd says he sold smoking tobacco for Mr.
Wright, and that J. R. Green was the first person to uso the
word Durham as a mark. (p. 70.)

T. B. Morris says he does not remember to have seen an}'
tobacco manufactured by Mr. Wright at Barbee's branded
in any manner, (p. 97.)

R. F. Morris saw some that was not marked, (p. 77.)

Other witnesses' touch the point in more general terms.

From the following, however, we gather perhaps a clearer
idea of the facts*:

F. 0. Geer, applicant's witness, (p. 142,) deposes that —
"He (W. A. Wright) manufactured some smoking to-
bacco for me in 1861, and I hauled it home in sack-bags.
He came to my house himself and flavored it with what
they called tonka bean. Mr. Cheek sold this tobacco for
me at the depot ; it was not branded that I know of." * *

The same witness, on cross-examination, says:
"I think Mr. Green was the first I ever saw or knew to
use the word Durham."

It would seem that Mr. Geer must have known of Mr.

Wright's use of the word Durham, if u was actual!}'- used

as stated. He was at Mr. Wright's place at Barbee's. He

must have conversed freely with him, and yet has no idea

70 History of Durham.

of his using the word Durham, although testifj'ing in his
(Mr. Wright's) interest.

It will be seen that he mentions a party by the name of
Cheek, who also had a transaction with Mr. Wright.

Mr. Cheek says in substance that he purchased five hun-
dred and seventy pounds of smoking tobacco of Mr. Wright
which was not marked or branded, and which was the en-
tire stock Mr. Wright had on hand when he left the coun-
try. (p. 120.)

John Barbee, the owner of the farm where Mr. Wright
did business, testifies as follows :

" I know Wesley A. Wright ; he put up tobacco at this
place; he moved from here and put up tobacco on my farm
there. * * j j^^ow he manufactured smoking tobacco,
and continued to manufacture plug and smoking tobacco;
this tobacco was baled up. I do not know that he used any-
thing but a great long bean ; it had a good smell. I don't
think he branded or marked much of it no how. I hauled
a load of Mr. Wright's tobacco to Raleigh, some in little
bags and some in large bags; some in the little bags were
marked, and think it was marked ' Wright's Best Spanish
Flavored Smoking Tobacco; ' this was marked on the bags
with a little paint brush." (pp. 127, 128.)

Mr. Barbee's homely expression, " I don't think he branded
or marked much of it no how," tells the whole story. Clearly
this witness ought to know, if any one.

The evidence submitted in rebuttal, although necessarily
imperfect, is more than sufficient to overcome that presented
by applicant. We insist that the fact that Mr. Wright de-
clines to make oath to a statement upon which he is forced
to rely must be held to be sufficient evidence that he could
not swear to it. And, if he could not fail to know of the
alleged fact, had it been true, not to swear to it is tantamount
to admitting the contrary. But he has substantially sworn
that he used no brand at all ; and whatever may be shown
in another direction, there is nothing except the young
Wright, who, we submit, is not a reliable witness, to show a
use of the word Durham.

Here, too, we insist the evidence preponderates in respon-
dent's favor. Upon any fair hypothesis it must be held that
Mr. Wright has failed. Not a witness to whom he sold, not
a person with whom he did business, not one of his neigh-
bors, not his landlord, in whose house he lived, ever saw the

The Black well Litigation. 71

word Durham on liis tobacco, or heard of his usiug it as a
brand. Certainly it cannot be insisted, under sucli facts,
that he has established any definite user, much less such as
identified the brand as his.

With the onus upon him, the applicant should have been
able to produce at least one disinierested witness to substan-
tiate Q fact which is of such vital consequence to him. That
he attempted a great deal more, we cannot doubt. And yet,
why should he fail ? Here was his landlord, whom he saw
every day ; here were his neighbors, whom he met almost as
often; here were the parties who bought and sold his tobacco ;
here were those who must know the fact, if any one could
know it, and yet not one of them to prove an allegation, to
which even he himself will not swear.

Can he hope that any impartial mind will be convinced
by so palpable an inconsistency? It is worse, if possible,
than the fraudulent certificate, signed by the gentleman of
high standing, which was the cause of this interference. It
is too gross, your honor, to admit of explanation; and, if it
is not the grandest ignoiauce, it is the most brazen fraud.

From Barbee's, as stated, Mr. Wright went into the army,
so that in the above we have the full history of his alleged
manufacture of Durham Smoking Tobacco.

We think it is shown beyond any reasonable doubt, that
during this entire period he never used the word Durham
at all. We think the evidence proves conclusively that the
word " Durham " was not used as a mark either by the firm
of Morris & Wright or by Mr. Wright individually.

If it was not, Mr. Armistead's case falls of its own weight.

commissioner's decision.

The decision of the Commissioner was as follows:

U. S. PATENT OFFICE,
Washington, D. C, June 5th, 1872.

Sir : — In the matter of the interference of Armistead vs.
Blackwell, for improvement in " Trade-Marks," on whicli
an appeal was taken to tne Commissioner of Patents from
the Primary Examiner by W. T. Blackwell, you are informed
that the decision of the Pritnary Examiner is reversed by
the Commissioner. Very Respectfully,

M. D. Leggett, Commissioner.
W. T, Blackwell, care W. W. Leggett, Present.

72 History op Durham.

The Commissioner's opinion is as follows, obiter dicta alone
being omitted :

Leggett, Commissioner : — Blackwell obtained, October 3,
1871, the registry of the following as a trade-mark: "Dur-
ham Smoking Tobacco, manufactured by W. T. Blackwell,
Durham, North Carolina." December G, 1871, Armistead
applied for tlje registry of the following as a trade-mark :
" Durham Smoking Tobacco;" and as he claimed the exclu-
sive right to the use of these words, his application was
placed in interference with the registered trade-mark of
Blackwell for the purpose of determining who first adopted
and used on packages of smoking tobacco the words " Dur-
ham Smoking Tobacco."

Blackwell manufactures his tobacco at Durham, North
Carolina; Armistead at Lynchburg, Virginia. Armistead
claims the right to use the label mark under an assignment
from one Wesley A. Wright, who formerly manufactured
smoking tobacco at Durham, North Carolina. The evidence
shows that Wright invented a flavoring compound for smok-
ing tobacco as early as 1860, for which he has since ob-
tained a patent, and, in company with one T. B. Morris,
under the firm name of Morris & Wright, manufactured
smoking tobacco at Durham, and that the tobacco obtained
some reputation under tlie name " Best Spanish Flavored
Durham Smoking Tobacco." It is by no means clear, how-
ever, whether this name was first given use by the manu-
facturers, or by the merchants who retailed it, or by the
consumers who bought and used it. This tobacco, on ac-
count of its flavor, has become a favorite, and the distinc-
tive words in the name adopted must have been " Best Span-
ish Flavored," and not " Durham." In 1861 Morris &
Wright seem to have dissolved partnership, and Wright
moved about two miles from Durham, where he continued
to manufacture smoking tobacco for a few months, and then
gave up his business and Vv'ent into the rebel army. There
is no pretense that he resumed this business before 1869,
when he again commenced the manufacture of smoking to-
bacco at Libert}^ Virginia, using the following brand:
" Original Durham, W. A. Wright, Originator," the label
also embracing the representation of a bull's head looking
to the left. In 1870 said Wright, in company with J. R.
Stewart, manufactured smoking tobacco at Stewartville,
Virginia, and branded it " Durham Smoking Tobacco."

The Blackwell Litigation.

After this he assigned the right to raanufacture under his
patent, and also the right to use the brand " Durham Smok-
ing Tobacco," to Armistead, the applicant. If Wright had
an exclusive right to this brand, then Armistead is entitled
to have it registered ; otlierwise not.

Armistead attempts to fix the origin of this label ba^k as
far as 1860, when it was used in connection with the words
" Best Spanish Flavored ;" but in doing so he shows that it
was first used by Morris & Wright, and by proving this he
proves that Wright did not have the exclusive title to the
label. If this is the origin of the mark claimed, then, to
make Armistead's title to the same good, he should be able
to show that he holds under Morris as well as under Wright.
Wright could not convey to Armistead the exclusive right
to use what belonged to Morris & Wright. But there is
nothing of record to show that Armistead holds or claims
to hold anything, directl}^ or indirectly, from Morris. An
exclusive right to use is necessary, under the statute, to se-
cure registration.

Wright used the word "Durham" upon a small portion
of the smoking tobacco he manufactured during the year
18G1 near Durham, North Carolina. This is the utmost that
can be claimed, from the testimony, as to any use of the
word by him alone before 1869. That such use of the name
of a town where he did business should give him the right
to carry such name into another State, and to use it to the
exclusion of all other people in the United States, even the
citizens of the town of Durham, is too preposterous to re-
quire more than a simple statement for its refutation.

Blackwell claims under an assignment from one J. R.
Green, and proves that Green first used the word "Durham"
upon smoking tobacco in ISGo. *****
The words "Durham Smoking Tobacco" cannot constitute
a legal trade-mark, and therefore cannot be registered.
Neither would adding the name and place of business of the
manufacturer help the matter. There is nothing registera-
ble in either Blackwell's or Armistead's labels, and the
Ofiice blundered when it gave a certificate of registration to
Blackwell. It should not repeat that blunder by giving a
like certificate to Armistead.

The Examiner, it seems, refused to register for Blackwell
the words " Durham Smoking Tobacco;" but, when the
words " Manufactured by W. T. Blackwell, Durham, N. C.,"

74 History of Durham.

were added b}" ameiidraent, registry was admitted. Tliere
is Dothiug in this label except the name " W. T. Blackwell"
to which Blackwell had any exclusive right, and this name
cannot be regarded as any part of the trade-mark. The
parties have evidently been misled as to their rights by mis-
reading some court decisions. Courts of equity have often
grantedinjunctionsagainstthefraudulent use of words which
the same courts would not for a moment sustain as trade-
marks. An example of this is found in what is known as
" the Akron Cement Case," or Newman v. Alvord,Cox, 417.
Newman lived at Akron and manufactured from the quar-
ries of that neighborhood water cement, which he put up in
barrels and labeled " Akron Water Lime," and added his
own name as manufacturer. Many of his neighbors were
engaged in the same business, all using the words " Akron
Water-Lime," or "Akron Cement," but each attaching his
own name. This lime, under the brand "Akron Cement,"
became popular, and one Alvbrd, living and doing busi-
ness in Cleveland, commenced branding his water-lime
"Akron Cement," adding his name and proper place of
manufacture. Newman, one of the manufacturers at Akron,
applied for and obtained an injunction enjoining Alvord
against using the word "Akron " as any portion of his label.
The court granted the injunction solely on the ground that
Alvord used the word "Akron" for the purpose of making
the public believe that it was the genuine Akron cement,
and thereby obtaining by fraud trade that rightfully be-
longed to Newman and others in Akron. The learned
Judge was careful to say, however, that Newman had no
exclusive right to the use of the words " Akron Cement,"
but that the same might be used by any citizen of Akron,
thereby holding that while "Akron Cement" was not a
legal trade-mark, yet it was within the province of a court
of equity to grant an injunction against its fraudulent use.
The same doctrine was held in the case of The Brooklyn
White Lead Company v. Masury. In this case Masury
adopted as a label for his paint " Brooklyn White Lead and
Zinc Company." As both did their manufacturing in Brook-
lyn, the court held that the respondent had a right to use
the words " Brooklyn White Lead;" but as the word "Com-
pany " was added for the purposes of fraud, a decree was
entered enjoining Masury from using the word "Company."
No one, however, would hold from this that the word " Com-

The Blackwell Litigation. 75

paiiy," as attached to a firm or corporation name, could be
regarded as a trade-mark. The court enjoined against
fraud, but with no intention of defining a trade-mark.
Many otlier cases to the same effect might be referred to,
but these are enough.

The words "Durham Smoking Tobacco " may be used
with imi)unity by any person engaged in manufacturing
smoking tobacco at Durham, and for that reason no one
person has any exclusive riglit to their use. By the statute
an exclusive right to use the proposed trade-mark must be
established before registry can be allowed.

Bv application of the doctrine held in the " Akron Ce-
ment " case, any. person living at Durham, and engaged in
manufacturing tobacco, might enjoin any person not living
there who should fraudulently use the word "Durham"
on tobacco labels for the purpose of obtaining trade that
otherwise would go to Durham. This may be true, and yet
the words "Durham Smoking Tobacco" not be a legal
trade-mark. These parties have already had adjudicated
between them a question involving nearly all of the points
here discussed. In the case of Blackwell v. Armistead,
lately decided in the United States Circuit Court for the
Western District of Virginia, Justice Rives very fully and
ably discusses the whole matter on substantially the same
testimony submitted in this case. The trade-marks, as dis-
cussed by him, differed from the marks under consideration
here in this: One of them had, in addition to the words
"Durham Smoking Tobacco," the representation of a bull's
head, and the other of the full size view of a bull. So far
as the questions are the same, I believe the holdings in this
are substantially the same as held by the learned Judge in
that case.

As neither party is entitled to registration, the interfer-
ence must be dissolved and registration refused to Armi-
stead.

THE DIBRELL CASE.

The following is the decision of the court in the case of
\\\ T. Blackwell vs. W. E. Dibrell, heard before t,he U. S.
Circuit Court, for the Eastern District of Virginia, held in
Richmond, Va., Jan. 18th, 1878, the decision being rendered
by His Honor R. \V. Hughes, Judge presiding;

76 History of Durham.

W. T. Blackwell & Co., ^ Circuit Court United States,

vs. y Eastern District of Virginia.

W. E. DiBRELL & Co. j —In Equity.

This cause came on this day to be heard upon the bill and
answered with the exhibits and depositions, and was argued
by counsel, and thereupon the Court doth consider that the
said complainants, Wm. T, Blackwell, Jas. R. Day and Ju-
lian S. Carr, trading under the name and style of W. T.
Blackwell & Co., have the sole and exclusive right to use
and employ the word Durham to designate and distinguish
the smoking tobacco manufactured by them, and also to
use and employ in conjunction with the said word Durham,
the side view representation of a Durham Ball as and for
their trade-mark, and that the said respondents, W. E. Dib-
rell and W. W. Phillips, trading under the name and style
of W. E. Dibrell & Co., have wrongfully infringed and in-
vaded the said right and trade-mark of the said complain-
ants, by designating and distinguishing Smoking Tobacco
sold by them as Durham Smoking Tobacco, and by using in
conjunction with the said words the representation of the
head of a Durham Bull.

Wherefore, the Court doth order, adjudge and decree that
the said W. E. Dibrell and the said W. W. Phillips, and
their, and each of their, servants and agents, be and they
and each of them are and is hereby enjoined and restrained
from using and employing the word Durham to mark and
distinguish Smoking Tobacco, and from using and employ-
ing for the said purpose the representation of the head of a
Durham Bull,orany other\^ord, symbol, representation or de-
vice, of acharacter to deceive thepublic by inducingthe belief
that the Smoking Tobacco sold by them, the said respondents,
is the same as the Smoking Tobacco manufactured and sold
by the said complainants ; and it is farther ordered, adjudged
and decreed that this cause be and the same is hereby refer-
red to Thomas S. Atkins, as Master, to take an account of
all and singular the earnings, gains and profits made and
acquired by the said respondents, by and from the sale of
Smoking Tobacco marked and designated Durham Smoking
Tobacco, and marked and designated by tlie representation
of the head of a Durham Bull, and to make a report to the
Court here of all and singular he shall do in the premises,
and that the said respondents do and shall pay to the said

The Blackwell Litigation.

complainants all and singular their costs by them laid out
and expended in and about the prosecution of their suit,

Richmond, ISth January, 1878. Ro. W. Hughes, Judge.

A true copy. Teste : M. F. Pleasants, Clerk.

THE result.

The foregoing will show the fact that Mr. Blackwell has
an irrefragable right to this trade-mark. He has proved it
so conclusively that no one will longer doubt it.

It will be observed that the contest between Arraistead
and Blackwell in the Patent Office arose from an attempt by
Armistead to register the words "Durham Smoking Tobac-
co." To prevent this registration was BlackwelTs object.
He succeeded not only in this, but in eliciting an opinion
so positive that under it there is no possibility of doubt.
Ko one not a resident of the town of Durham can call his
tobacco Durham tobacco, and no one but W. T. Blackwell
has a shadow of claim to the renowned brand of the

r?=

=^^

G-EKTrriD^E

ID "cr :i^ 21 -^ 2j:

(trade mark.)

jSmoking TobaccoJi

f I

MANUFACTURED BY

W. T. BLACKWELL,
DURHAM, n. G

78 History of Durham.

CHAPTER III.

Durham Fires — The Methodist Female Seminary —
The Lyceum — The Post Office — The Revenue Of-
fice— Newspapers.

It is an ill wind that blows no one good. Five or six
years ago, the people of North Carolina thought Durham an
unhealthy place, attributing the fact to surface wells, char-
acter of soil, tobacco dust and absence of shade trees.

While we admit that Durham was not healtiiy then, we
do not admit the causes assigned, for the following reasons :

A few of the first wells dug were shallow and surface wa-
ter was the result, but the great mass of water used by pri-
vate families comes from streams struck below the lime stone
formations which characterize the soil, and the water is,
therefore, mineral, free from the dangers of surface and rot-
ten lime stone waters. It is conceded, however, that Dur-
ham has some bad wells, and if this were not the case, it
would be different in this respect from any other town.

tobacco dust.

Could its unhealthfulness be attributed to tobacco dust?
Certainly not. A stranger entering the town can smell to-
bacco because the air is tainted with it, from the immense
volume of dust that quits the windows of the factories, but
so far from being an injury to the town it is a blessing, en-
joyed b}' few of the places in North Carolina which boast of
their healthfulness compared with that of Durham. These
minute particles of dust diffused through the atmosphere
are not calculated to be deleterious to any individual ; on the
other hand, it is well known that they tend to destroy to a
great extent germs of fever and miasma generally. The fact
may be partly demonstrated by the comparatively few cases
of fever known among those who use tobacco.

shade trees.

HoW' often have we heard it remarked that Durham is
the hottest place this side his Satanic Majestie's dominion !
an opinion largely imaginative.

Shade Trees. 79

Old towns such as Raleigh, Fayetteville, Hillsboro and
Chapel Hill are made beautiful in Spring and Summer by
the spreading branches and dense foliage of oaks and elms.
These afford abundant shade, but they prevent a free circu-
lation' of air, the Southern zephyrs being literally stopped
on the outskirts of the town. Beauty is thus enjoyed at the
expense of comfort, for the overage citizen fairly melts in
the shade. How is it with Durham?

The time was when scarcely' a tree could be seen within
its corporate limits, unless it were a stra\' pine or male per-
simmon. To-day— May 1st, 18S4— nearly every street in town
is marked on either side by green lines of aspens and elms,
and fifty years will have elapsed before our people will be
called upon to suffer from excessive shade.

'Further, if any one will take time to look at an accurate
map of North Carolina, they can readily note that Durham
is peculiarly situated to enjoy the breezes which sweep up
the interior from Onslow Bay. A range of high hills en-
compass it on the North and West, extending from Townes-
ville, near the Virginia line, in a South-westerly direction,
touching Knapp of Reeds, in Granville county. Orange Fac-
tory, in Durham county, and Chapel Hill. Another range
on the South and East extends from Wake Forest College
to Morrisville and on until intercepted by the first men-
tioned range, in Chatham county, and there they both ap-
pear to unite in forming Tyrrell's Mountains.

Durham is the only place of note located in the basin or
valley between these hilly ranges, and the months of .June,
July and August are rendered truly enjoyable by the South-
easterly winds from the sea playing up and down this
valley, having been cooled by the elevation in their path-
way.

We say, then, that the former unheallhfulnessof Durham
could not be attributed to the causes assigned by out.^iders
and casual observers, but it was almost solely due to uu-
cleanliness, resulting from rotten shanties and back-lot ex-
cavations, which causes have since been effectually removed.

We would not undertake to describe the suffering, and
oftimes death, caused by the inability of our local govern-
ment, a few years since, to remedy this evil. The town was
so constructed that all sanitary measures, however faithfully
they might be executed, were in vain. A better state of af-
fairs was soon to follow.

80 History of Durham.

FIRES.

On the night of December 1st, 1880, a fire started in a
bar-room situated on Ch»3\ near Willard street, occupied by
W. R. Vickers — cause of fire unknown. Owing to the fear-
ful condition of the streets, caused b}' incessant rains and
freezes, the Fire Company could not move its engine and
the town was left helpless. The flames, as if recognizing
their power, crossed Chiy street and entered Block 10,
(Southgate's Map of Durham,) and, as all the buildings of
the block were frame, were all soon consumed, save one —
Angler's old store on the north-west corner of Main and
Mangum streets.

Thurber's Tobacco Factory, Planters' \A^arehouse and M.
A. Angler & Son's large store were the principal buildings
destroyed. $60,000 worth of property consumed in an
hour !

January 1st, 1881, the furniture store of B. L. Duke &
Co., situated on south side of Main, between Mangum and
Church streets, took fire and burned to the ground, together
with the large four story brick store adjoining it. Another
loss of $12,500. . ^ ■

January 15th, 2881, the alarm v>'as sounded, and the fire
was discovered to be in the centre of the range of framed
stores on north side of Main, between Mangum and Church
streets. In a short time the flames had made such progress
that all efforts to check them were useless. With a stiff
north wind blowing, the fire crossed and burnt all the
wooden buildings on south side of the street. In two hours
nearly two blocks of buildings were in ashes. A $50,000
fire !

Fortunately, with but few exceptions, all the sufferers
were partly protected b}'' insurance. At least $75,000 was
distributed among policy holders by the Companies repre-
sented in Mr. James Southgate's Agency. It gives us pleas-
ure to state that every claim was satisfactorily adjusted and
paid.

With $75,000 to start with, Durham, Phoenix like, rose
proudly from her ashes and within a few months substan-
tial brick buildings appeared where once stood a mushroom
growth of frames. Since the fiies the streets have been
graded and paved, tiie sanitary condition of the town is
excellent, the rate of mortality is as low as that of any town

The Methodist Female Seminary. 81

in the Slate with the same population in point of numbers,
and we know of no reason why Durham should now be
considered unhealthy.

THE METHODIST FEMALE SEMINARY.

This institution of learning is one of the most substan-
tial and attractive features of Durham. It was founded
September 4th, 18S1, by prominent members of Trinity M.
E. Church. The following gentlemen composed the first
Board of Trustees apjiointed for the school:

Julian S. Carr, President; Edward J. Parrish, Treasurer;
J. B. Whitaker, Jr., Secretary; W. Duke and J. E. Lvon.

On January 12th, 1882, Mr. W. Duke resigned, and Mr.
B. L. Duke was elected in his place. In June of the same
year, Mr. J. B. Whitaker, Jr., having been appointed a mem-
ber of the Durham Board of Education, also resigned, and
Mr. J. S. Lockhart was chosen to fill the vacancy.

Mrs. Julia R. Williams, an accomplished lady, late of
the AVesleyan Female Institute, Staunton, Va., was elected
Principal, under whose efficient management the school has
steadily increased in popularit}- and educational standing.
Miss Addie E. Hoi man was chosen Director of Music and
Calisthenics, a thoroughly competent and faithful teacher.

Thus equipped, the school entered upon a career of use-
fulness, far surpassing the expectations of its most sanguine
supporters; and, notwithstanding much opposition with
which its advocates had to encounter in its incipiency, it is
accom[)lishing a work whose influences and effects of moral
as well as intellectual training are achieving for it a high
standard among the educational institutions of the age.
Such has been its rapid progress that it became necessary
to enlarge its already spacious building, and increase its
able, untiring but over-worked Faculty. The Board, ever
mindful of the best interests of the school, and anxious for
the untrammeled dissemination of sound knowledge and
ethics, were prompt to meet and adequately satisfy this de-
mand. Hence, Miss Addie Dean, late efficient Assistant of
the Graded School of Mystic, Conn., was placed on the Fac-
ulty, and assigned control of the Primary Department.
But, unfortunately, before the close of the term, her health
failed, and she was compelled to retire, carrying with her
the unfeigned sympathy and esteem of the whole school.

82 History of Durham.

Mrs. S. C. Anderson, a thoroughly competent teacher, was
appointed to fill the vacancy.

Daring the scholastic term, from 18S2 to 1883, Mrs. Wm.
Lipscomb, an accomplished and experienced educator, liad
charge of the Musical Department, and Miss Minnie Moore
the Calisthenics. Miss Moore was a graduate of the Wes-
leyan Female Institute, of Virginia. She possessed, to an
eminent degree, the essential qualifications of a good
teacher — amiabilit}', fidelity and firmness. But the charms
of Minerva were not adequate to retain her sweet, gentle
spirit in its tenement of clay, when the precious lips of Je-
sus beckoned her away. How sad, that hopes, just budding
and filling the soul with ineff^ible sweetness, should be rudely
blighted by the dread fiat of inexorable destiny ; but oh how
comforting to feel that

" Angels guarded the immortal

Through the wonder-teeming space
To the everlasting portal,
To the spirit's resting place!"

For the scholastic year 1883-84, Miss Lessie Southgate,
one of the most gifted daughters of Durham, has been chosen
as Director of Music and Calisthenics. This young lady,
being the soul of music and possessing other rare accom-
plishments, is pursuing her responsible duties with an effi-
ciency and fidelity which is eliciting the admiration and
engendering high expectations in the hearts of all who are
directly or indirectly interested in the school.

The system of teaching observed here — and we esteem it
a very commendable one — is a plenary explanation of the
text, with a required analysis of the same. The teacher who
fails to impart thoughts beyond the dull routine of text
books, loses golden opportunities, and fails to discharge the
duties of her high calling. In connection with the subject,
oral and written instructions are given. In this way the
mind is elevated, its faculties enlarged and the recitation
becomes both pleasing and profitable.

The Primary Department is taught according to the im-
proved plans of the Normal system, the ample experience
of the Principal, especially in the State Normal School,
crowning her services in this Department with the most
beneficial and gratifying effects. The Collegiate Depart-
ment is conducted on the plan of first-class institutions.

The Methodist Female Seminary. 83

The text books used in this institution are such as are
used by our most prominent higli schools and colleges.
The discipline of the school is firm, yet high-toned and gen-
erous. Pupils are taught to emulate all that is lovely and
beautiful in female character, and to act always from a high
sense of honor and duty. The duties of each day begin with
divine worship, — reading the Scriptures, singing and prayer.
Without the taint of sectarian bias, religious instruction
constitutes the basis ot all sound, faithful teaching. It is
religion, without regard to sect or creed, which imparts lo
learning its intrinsic value and character, its crowning
glory for time and for eternity.

Having all the modern im{)rovements and appliances for
systematic and efficient teaching, the Seminary is now on
the highway of prosperity and usefulness. The pupils are
studious, healthy and happ3\ The school is receiving a
liberal patronage from the surrounding country. The fol-
lowing ladies and gentlemen compose the present

FACULTY :

Mrs. Julia R. Williams, Principal — Drawing, Painting,
French and Latin.

Miss Addie Holman and Miss Minnie MoorD — Music and
Calisthenics.

Mrs. L. C. Lipscomb— Vocal and Instrumental Music.

Miss Lessie Southgate — Vocal and Instrumental Music.

Trustees: — Julian S. Carr, President; Edward J. Parrisb,
J. Ed. Lyon, John S. Lockhart and B. L. Duke.

TERMS — session OF TWENTY WEEKS.

Primary Department, §10.00

English Course, 12.50 to 15.00

Drawing, 10 00

Painting, , 15.00

Latin and French, each, 5.00

Music, Free.

Tuition payable one-half at the middle of the session, re-
mainder at the close.

Positively no deduction made for loss of time, after the
pupil enters, except in case of protracted illness.

84 History of Durham.

THE LYCEUM.

A mong other interesting institutions ofoiir town, remarked
with pride and pleasure, is the Lyceum. Early in the win-
ter of 1880, a few kindred spirits, feeling the necessity for
some organization where professional and literary men
might interchange thought and opinion, met together and
formed themselves into an association, the main ohject being
their own mutual improvement in the discussion of histori-
cal, literary and scientific subjects, with the ultimate pur-
pose of establishing a Public Library and Reading Roona.

For the past three and a half years they have held their
meetings weekly, in a spacious and very tastefully arranged
Hall, in Robinson Block. Their membership now numbers
about fifty persons. Both ladies and gentlemen are admit-
ted, and the bod}' comprises some of the most cultivated
literary talent of our city. The highest order of etiquette
and refinement characterizes all their deliberations, and it is
quite an intellectual treat to attend one of their meetings
and listen to the debates, essays, poems, etc., making its
sessions both interesting and instructive to all who attend.

Soon after the organization of this literar}^ brotherhood,
the Hon. Ba.rtholomev.' Fuller was unanimously chosen
as its presiding ofiicer, under whose trained and skillful
hand it began at once to attain a high literary standard.
Mr. Fuller was so eminently fitted for the position that he
was continuously re-elected to the Presidency of the body un-
til his deeply lamented death, which occurred Nov. 28, 1882.
His loss was very keenly felt, not only by the Lyceum, but
bj'- the entire community. All felt that not only a wise
counsellor, but that a christian gentleman, a faithful friend
and a most affable companion, had passed o'er the chilly
waters to bask amid the spiritual fragrance and elixir of the
Tree of Life, leaving behind beautiful footprints upon the
shores of time that the storms and complex ado of life's
little day will be utterl}^ unable to efface. As a faint token
of the profound admiration and love entertained for him
bj' his literary brethren, a life-size portrait of him was
secured and placed in the Hall of the Lyceum.

After the death of Mr. Fuller, the Chair was filled by
Mr. J AS. H. SouTHGAXE, who, though comparatively young,
filled the requirements of the position with great accepta-
bility. The ofiice has since been ably filled by Mr. Eu-

The Post Office. 85

GENE MoREHEAD, a leading banker of this city ; Rev. H. T.
Darnall, a most accomplished christian gentleman and
pastor of the Presbyterian church, and by Mr. Geo. W.
Watts, one of our most worthy and enterprising business
men.

The exercises of theLx^ceum consist in Readings, Recita-
tions, Essays and Debates of important questions, and have
been a source of very great entertainment and profit. A
small library has been purchased, to which additions are
constantly being made. A deep interest in literary pursuits
has been engendered, and is rapidly pervading the whole
town, and the Lyceum is now considered one of the fixed
institutions of Durham.

The Post Office — Origin and Present Status.

The first postal facilities of Durham were established at
Prattsburg, about the year 1845, with William Pratt as
Postmaster, who was succeeded by Mr. Solomon Shepherd\
in the year 1852 soon after the erection of the N. C. R.
R. Depot, \vhen the office was moved to Durham Station,
and located at the " Old Angler corner," now corner of Main
and Mangum streets. Mr. Shepherd held the office until
the beginning of the late civil war, and was succeeded b}'
Mr. J. P. Mangum, who served until 1873. The present
incumbent, Mr. D. C. Mangum, was appointed September,
1873, and assumed control of the office in the following
November, At that time Durham rated as fourth class,
and the Postmaster was allowed a salary of only $480 per
annum. The business of the office so rapidly increased
that, on Julv 1st, 1875, it was constituted a Money Order
office. In 1877, the office was raised to the third class, and
Mr. D. C. Mangum re-appointed by President Hayes, his
commission dating from May 1st, 1877, and his salary in-
creased to $1,300. All third class Postmasters are appointed
for a term of four 3'ears. Mr. Mangum was re-appointed'
by President Arthur, his commission dating from May 1st,
1887. Since Mr. Mangum assumed control the average
increase of postal receipts per annum is about 20 per cent.
Receipts from the sale of stamps, &c., for the year ending
September 31st, 18S3, were $4,850. Taking the first three
months of 1884, as a basis, it is estimated that the receipts
during the present year will considerably exceed $5,000,
6

86 History of Durham.

notwithstanding the reduction in letter postage. The money
order business shows a healthy increase, although not so
great as compared with the postal receipts, owing to the
late establishing of superior banking facilities in our midst.
If the present rate of increase is maintained, it will only
require about two years to bring the Durham Postoffice up
to the second class, when it will rank with Raleigh, Wil-
mington and Charlotte, the only second class postotfices in
North Carolina at present. Mr. Mangum makes a faithful
and efficient officer and is very popular among our citizens.

The Revenue Office.

The Internal Revenue Stamp Office, situated in the Post-
office building, Main street, was established October 1st,
1878, through the influence and indefatigable efforts of
the manufacturers of Durham and Eugene Morehead, Esq.,
who was appointed Stamp Clerk. The grateful thanks of
the citizens of Durham, and especiall}'' our tobacco men,
are due this enterprising, cultivated and affable gentleman,
jnot only for the existence of this great convenience, but
■also for the establishment of the first banking facilities at
"this place. Prior to the establishtnent of these important
facilities, our business men were compelled to transact all
itheir revenue and banking business in Raleigh — a distance
of 21 miles — a great inconvenience and hardship. Mr.
Morehead held the position of Collector, to the entire satis-
faction of all, until June, 1879, when he resigned in order
to devote his undivided attention to the banking house of
which he is President. The receipts for the past five years,
kindly furnished us by Mr. George L. Tinker, the present
courteoiss and efficient Deputy, are as follows :

For the months of October, November and December,
1878, $142,053.64.

May 1st, 1879, the tax on manufactured tobacco was re-
. duced to 16 cents per pound.

Receipts for 1880— $627,118.21.

" 1881— 827,269.54.

« " 1882— 733,817.80.

" 1883— 618,444.34.

The tax was , again reduced, May 1st, 1883, to 8 cts. per

Newpapers. 87

pound on manufactured tobacco, and to 50 cts. per thousand
on cigarettes.

The following is a comparative statement of the number
of pounds of mauufiictured tobacco sold during the years
1882 and 1883 :

Date.

Xo. lbs. Tobacco.

Xo. lbs. Snuflf.

Xo. Cigarettes.

1882
1883

4,401,468
6,281,443

47,200
51,205

12,590,000
39,213,000

An increase of Tobacco 1,879,975 lbs., SnufF 4,005 lbs.,
and 26,023,000 Cigarettes.

Total amount of revenue paid by the manufacturers of
Durham from Oct. 1st, 1S78 to Jan. 1st, 1884— §3,545,589.08.

NEWSPAPERS.

The Church Messenger. — This is an ably edited relig-
ous journal, published in the interest of the Protestant
Episcopal church in North Carolina. It was established at
Winston, N. C, in 1879, by the Rev. Wm. S. Bynum, and
subsequently purchased by Rev. Chas. J. Curtis and moved
to Durham in January, 1882. In February, 1883, it was
purchased by Rev. E. N. Joyxer, who placed Mr. C. B.
Denson on the Editorial Staff. The paper is now in a flour-
ishing condition, and accomplishing great good in the
Master's cause. Weakly, containing 32 columns. Subscrip-
tion price $1.50 per annum.

The Durham Recorder. — This is one of the oldest news-
papers in the State, having been established in the town of
Hillsboro in 1820 by Mr. Dennis Hart. In 1881, the present
editor and proprietor, Mr. E. C. Hackney, purchased Col.
Cameron's interest, and, together with Mr. G. E. Webb, con-
ducted the paper for one year, during which time it was
enlarged from 2§ to 32 columns. In 1882 Mr. Webb sold
his interest to Mr. Hackney, who is now sole proprietor.
Democratic in politics, and published weekly at §1.50 per
annum. A live, aggressive and interesting journal.

The Durham Tobacco Plant. — Established in 1872, by
C. B. Green, the present editor and proprietor. At that time
the number of inhabitants of Durham did not exceed 200.
Older heads looked upon the enterprise as premature, and

88 History of Durham.

thought young Green, then but a mere boy, could never
make it a success. But he had strong faitli in a brighter
future for Durham; that it would be one da}'', not far dis-
tant, one of the leading tobacco marts of the State; and thus
animated he toiled manfull}^ at the case to build up his pa-
per. The Plant has surmounted many storms of adversit}'',
and is to-day one of the leading newspapers of the State.
Mr. Green is still quite a young man, but he wields great
influence in the formation of public sentiment. A bold,
aggressive and able exponent of the people's interests. His
paper is and has always been thoroughly Democratic, and
has added largely to the success of the Democratic party in
Central North Carolina. It has a wide and increasing cir-
culation. Contains 32 columns of choice reading matter,
at the very moderate sum of 81.50 per annum.

The Daily Evening Reporter. — Established in Janu-
ary, 1884, b}'' Mr. D. W. Whitaker, a gentleman of large ex-
perience both as an editor and printer — non-political. De-
voted to the material and educational interests of Durham.
Neat, newsy and ably edited, it is rapidly becoming an ob-
ject of interest among our business men. Imbibing the
spirit of the town, it is full of push, pith and brain, and is
destined to rank among the first newspapers of the State.
Friend V\''hitaker is an old " typo" of sterling qualities and
deserves success. Subscription, $4.00 per annum.

The Truth — A monthly historical and literary paper,
established February 25th, 1884, its mission being, mainly,
to exhume important historical matters in reference to Or-
ange county. Hon. Josiah Turner, editor. Subscription
price $1.50 per annum.

CHAPTER IV. .
Religious Denominations.

TRINITY M: E. church.

In the early part of 1830, a little school was estab-
lished, about one mile east of Durham, on the line of the
N. C. Railroad, at a place known as Orange Grove. The

Trinity M. E. Chukch. 89

only surviving student of that school the writer has been
able to find, is our esteemed and venerable townsman, M,
A. Angier, Esq., who was then about ten years of age. In
1832 or '33, a protracted meeting was conducted at this lit-
tle school house, under the able and eloquent ministrations
of the Rev. Willis Haynes, the first Methodist Circuit rider
known in th^s vicinity, assisted by the Rev. David Nichol-
son, Presiding Elder. Many souls were happily converted,
and a church was established, numbering about 80 mem-
bers, with brother Haynes as pastor. The school house and
its site was donated to the church by one of its members,
Mr. William Herndon. The writer has been unable to
gather data for a consecutive historj'. About the year 1834,
the church was burned by one Jefferson Dillard, who enter-
tained great antij)athy toward the church and the school.
It is said that he used the books and papers about the school
to start the conflagration. After the perpetration of this
diabolical deed, and finding his life placed in jeopard}'^ l>y
an outraged and incensed community, he ran away, and
has not since been heard of. But the little church was re-
built, and prospered. In 1858, Orange Grove church was
moved to Durham, and a church built on the site now oc-
cupied by Trinity M. E. Church. This building was erected
by Mr. AVilliam Mangum, who, for ?>650, furnished both
material and labor, besides contributing 825, although not
a member.

This church remained in connection with Orange Circuit
until 1874, when it was made a Station, Rev. J. J. Renn
being pastor, having served the church from 1872 in con-
nection with the Orange Circuit. The trustees of the prop-
erty were J. T. Driver, James Stagg, William Halliburton,
Julian S. Carr, William Watts, William Guess, Washington
Duke, Alexander Walker, W. B. Proctor, and Archibald
Nichols. From 1858 to J8G8, there is a serious hiatus in the
history of the church. Rev. R. S. Webb was pastor in 'GS
and 'G9. Rev. Jno. Tillett pastor in '70 and '71, and followed
b}' Rev. J. J. Renn in '72, who remained in charge of the
church four years, laying broad and deep the foundations of
truth as held by Methodists — redemption for all men who
will believe — christian perfection — and a life without sin.

In 1873, on the 28th of August, the Hillsboro District
Conference held its annual session in Trinity church, Col.
D. C. Parrish being the lay delegate, Rev. J. P. Moore, Pres-

90 History of Durham.

ident, and J. S. Harris, Secretary. Rev. W. H. Moore held
the pastorate for 75 and '7G. Rev. William Call succeeded
him, and remained during the year '77. Rev. F. H. Wood
was appointed to the pastorate in '7S. He remained three
years. During his ministry was originated the enterprise
which culminated in the completion, under the ministry of
Rev. J. A. Cunninggim. the present elegant church build-
ing, which is an imposing ornament to our town and a
credit to the Methodist congregation.

Mrs. Mary Moon held a series of meetings in Trinity
Church in 1879, continuing about four weeks, resulting in a
great awakening and many conversions, and about seventy
additions to the churches of Durham. Two prayer meet-
ings were organized to meet every Sunday evening, one in
the church and the other in the Female Seminary, one for
young men and the other for females. These meetings are
still kept up with interest and profit to the church. Tiiis
church paid the pastor and Presiding Elder for last year
$1,250.

Rev. Jesse A. Cunninggim succeeded Rev. Mr. Wood in
1881, who did a good work for the cause of truth during a
ministry of two years. He raised several thousand dollars
for the work on the church and carried it througjh to its
completion. He left the impress of his character engraved
upon the community, and, as it were, engraved in the or-
ganic life of the church. He gave system to the work of
the church, and thus gave it strength and permanency.
The ladies of this church did a large and important work
in aiding the pastors to bring up the church out of the
wilderness and to settle it on its present firm foundation.

Rev. T. A. Boone came to the pastoral care of this
church as the successor of Rev. Mr. Cunninggim. This is
his second year. Since Mr. Boone's connection with this
church, great advancement has been made in all her de-
partments. He is an eloquent, able and assiduous worker,
and is loved devotedl}^ not only by his flock, but by the
citizens of Durham generally. •

DURHAM BAPTIST CHURCH.

This Church was organized August 12th, 1845, in Piny
Grove School House, about one mile west of this place.
Rev. Jesse Howell was assisting the pastor of Eno Baptist

Durham Baptist Church. 91

church ill a revival meeting, and, when some of the mem-
bers objected to his preachiuf^ in their house of worshif), he
left, and soon began to preach monthl}' at the above named
School House, and the result was the organization of this
church. He was pastor of the church for more than twenty-
five years.

The first house of worship built by this church was the
buiUling now used by Mr. A. D. Markliam as a residence.

The railroad was built and the depot was located so near
them that they thought it wise to sell out and re-build.

The second house of worship was built on what is now
Roxboro Street, and it stood over the same spot of ground
now covered by the residence of John L. Markham.

The third and present house of worship was begun in
1877, and was finished, and entered free of debt, and dedi-
cated by the pastor and congregation on Tiiursday night
before the 1st Sabbath in November, 1878. A simple hour
of thanksgiving and joy was the only service of dedication.
This house cost 812,400. Five persons gave $1,000 each for
this purpose ; viz : \V. T. Blackwell, Jas. R. Day, F. C. Green,
A. M. Rigsbee and Mrs. A. D. Markham.

The church owns a parsonage. It cost, besides ihe lot of
about one acre upon whirh it is located, about $2,100. This
was begun in 1879, and finished free of debt and occupied
April 1st, 1880.

The present membership of the church is about three
hundred, and their Sunday School numbers over three hun-
dred.

Rev. C. Durham, the pastor of this church, was a soldier
in the late war from April, '01, to the surrender. He grad-
uated from Wake Forest College in '71, and was pastor in
Goldsboro four and a half years. He has been pastor of
this church since Jan., '7G, and hence is now in the ninth
year of his pastorate.

The contributions of this congregation to all religious
objects during his pastorate is about 1$34,000.

There have been two churches organized out of this one
in the past eight years — Yates Baptist church, and Rose of
Sharon, six miles north of Durham, both churches being
built from contributions raised by the Durham Baptist
Church.

]\Ir. Durham, pastor of the church in this city, is an able,
pious and hard-working laborer in the vine3'ard of the

92 History of Durham.

blessed Master, and is doing much good in promoting the
cause of Christ in this city.

THE PRESBYTEKIAN CHURCH.

This church was organized on theSlstof December, 1871,
by a committee of the Orange Presbytery, consisting of Revs.
A. G. Hughes, Thomas W. Faucett and Calvin H. Morrow,
and embraced eleven members in its organization. It was
ministered to for a while by Mr. Faucett, but on the 31st of
March following called, as its Srst pastor, Rev. Drury Lacy,
D. D., who served the church for two years. Rev. Pleasant
H. Dalton was then called and officiated as pastor for two
years. The Rev. Jas. H. Fitzgerald succeeded Mr. Dalton
in the fall of 1876, and continued with the church until the
spring of 1880, when he resigned, and the present pastor,
Rev. H. T. Darnall, was called to the pastorate in the fall of
1880. At present the register contains seventy-five names
of members, with a steady increase. In 1882 the congre-
gation erected a neat and comfortable mause on the lot next
the church, which was occupied in October of that 3'ear.
The church and mause are located on Main street, below
Church street.

In April, 1884, the Presbyterian Synod of North Carolina
convened in this church, whose sessions proved pleasant and
instructive, not onl}' to the members of that church, but also
to our citizens generally, whose hospitable doors were thrown
wide open to the members of the Synod. The pastor is an
able and earnest worker, watching faithfully over his pious
and devoted fiock.

v"inBh:L*'rrBf ■fr^^^n^^'vrJ^^ '?j^^"-''^™?'yj«-' "I "^'^^''■''''^'"■^ *■'■-'■ "'a^w.^^i'-.T^TC*'^

ASSETS, - - - $769, J 47,

J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agts., Durham, N. C.

FliLerLi^s Zris-L:Lra..32Lce Oioicn-peiiciy,

Of Brooklyn, N. Y.
ASSETS, ^3»749»036.

J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents, Durham, N. C.

Tobacco Board of Trade. 93

CHAPTER V.
Tobacco Board of Trade— Warehouses.

. THE TOBACCO BOARD OF TRADE.

The Durham Tobacco Board of Trade was organized in
the year 1872, by the election of the follow officers :

Capt. Alexander Walker, President,

Robert F. Morris, Vice-President,

R. C. Barksdale, Secretary and Treasurer.

Since that time there have been many additions, and
much good has been accomplished, mutuall}' between its
members, and towards establishing the tobacco market of
Durham. Its meetings are held once a month. There are
now 40 names upon the roll. The following is a list of the
present officers and members:

Capt. Alex. "Walker, President,

R. F. Webb, Vice-President,

Albert Kramer, Secretary and Treasurer.

W. T. Black well, J. S. Carr, A. B. Cox, John Walker, W.
Duke, Sons & Co., Edward Dal by, W. A. Day, A H. Stokes,
R. T. Faucett, Lucius Green, W. A. Gattis, \V. H. Osborn,
R. li. Jones, Thos. D. Jones, Lea & Warren, T. B. Lyon. J.
S. Lockhiirt, Z I. Lyon & Co , R. T. Morris & Sons Mfg. Co.,
J. T. Pinnix, Blackwell & Goodson, T. L Peav, E. H. Pogue
& Son, E J. Parrish, L M. Reams, W. H. Rowland, M. A.
Walker, L T. Smith, Jno. W. Smith. R. K. Smith, A. K.
Umstead & Co., Webb & Kramer, Robt. Burton, 11. A.
Reams, R. E. Lyon, E. E. Seay, Dr. J. L. Watkins, T. B.
Mosely, W. R. Cooper, and J. B. Hazel.

WAREHOUSES.

Previous to the war, the medium of Warehouses to facili-
tate the business of the planter and buyer was so little
known as to be exceptional. Danville in Virginia and Mil-
ton in North Carolina had each made some progress in this
direction. But the common practice was to sell to mer-
chants, manufacturers, or buyers, of any class, in modes
most convenient to all parties. Much was shipped to factors
in Richmond and Pete-^sburg. A great deal was bought by

94 HisTOKY OF Durham.

merchants, who were in the habit of keeping annual ac-
counts with the phinters, furnishing them with plantation
supplies, and making settlements at the end of the year.
The war effectually destroyed this system. Neither mer-
chant nor farmer could wait a whole year. The capital of
the first could not endure it; the credit of the.other was de-
stroyed by the loss of his slave property. He was compelled
to live, as it were, from hand to' mouth. He had to make
frequent small sales to meet family necessities, to pay his
laborers or to pay his taxes. He liad to find a market often.
This demand was met by the opening of sales houses at
points on railroads principally, because on railroads could
more readily be met the requisitions of the revenue service,
the ready and convenient supply of stamps being essential
to manufacturers, and these becoming the great patrons of
the warehouses. Tlie two have become indispensable com-
plements of each other, as illustrated by Danville, Durham,
Reidsville, Winston, Henderson, Oxford, and other points,
the centres of the tobacco industry.

The warehouses are invariably large buildings with great
floor capacity, and perfectly lighted by ample skylights, so
that thu color and quality of the tobacco are faithfully ex-
posed. The tobacco, taken from the wagons, where it had
been packed down while in " good order," is carefully placed
in piles, after having been weighed, each pile of uniform
grade. A tag fixed upon a cleft stick is placed upon each
pile, on which is the name of the owner of the tobacco, and
also the weight. At the hour of sale, outcry is made at each
pile, the price bid attached to the tag, and also entered upon
a book, and so until the whole is sold. A planter, dissatisfied
with a bid, is entitled to "take in " his tobacco. The com-
pensation of the warehousemen is a commission of from 2^
to 3 per cent, on sales. Where there are several warehouses
in a market, by arrangement each one is entitled to the first
sale in turn. In most of the markets the sales are held
daily except in the duller months of the season.

The six warehouses formerly occupied here have been
converged into three of the largest and best arranged houses
of the kind in North Carolina, which annually sell from
twelve to fifteen million pounds of tobacco, which is distrib-
uted in well nigh every hamlet, town and city on the globe,
and the factories here manufacture from eight to twelve
million pounds of the fragrant weed annually.

Tobacco Warehouses. 95

The da}' is not far distant when the magnitude of the to-
bacco interests of North Carolina will be fully acknowl-
edged and appreciated, and she will take her rightful posi-
tion as one of the most important tobacco States in the Union,
not only as to quantity but quality of tobacco produced.
Aye, even now, the silver}^ streaks of dawn are becoming
brighter and brighter — inspiring new hope, and zeal, and
energy, and infallibly prognosticating a future greatness
and prosperity second to no section on the habitable globe.
To-day there is more assiduous push and enterprise in Dur-
ham than in any other town or city in the State. The in-
flux of labor and capital is continually on the increase.
Kew dwellings, stores, warehouses, prize-houses, and facto-
ries, are s])ontancously springing into existence in every di-
rection. Wherever the eye turns, some new building in
process of erection is visible. I will relate one amusing oc-
currence, which tends to show the great demand for house-
room here. It was Saturday evening ; one load of lumber
had been emptied upon a vacant lot by one of Mr. Black-
well's teams. Earl}' Sunday morning a gentleman called
upon Mr. Harding, Mr. Blackwcll's agent, and, after apol-
ogizing for calling on the Sabbath, said that he wished to
engage the house for which tJtat lumber was inlcnded, stating that
he feared to delay until Monday lest he might be too late I
Mr. Blackwell and other gentlemen are erecting dwelling
houses with all possible speed, but they are utterly unable
to finish them fast enough to supply the constantly aug-
menting stream of immigration. The picture is bj* no means
over-wrought. The writer lias met with many instances
where several families are cramped and packed up in houses
intended only for one family.

In noting in detail the wonderful improvements and
growth of the city, the writer will begin with the Ware-
houses:

THE REAMS WAREHOUSE.

This house takes its natne and extensive popularity from
its founder, Mr. H. A. Reams, the pioneer warehouseman of
Durham. The first sale of leaf that ever occurred in Dur-
ham was C'inducted by this gentleman in a small fictory
building, on the ISi.h of May, 1871. He continued in the
small building until the autumn of 1872, when, his busi-
ness having so rapidly increased, much greater floorage

96 History of Durham.

capacity was required. Accordingly, in that year, be moved
to a wareliouse building erected by W. T. Blackwell & Co.,
in which he remained until the latter part of 1877. During
that year he erected the present Reams Warehouse. This
building is on one of the most eligible lots in the cit}', being
near its centre, on Main street and within speaking dis-
tance of the depot and the mammoth Bull factory. It is
80 by 175 feet. But his trade continued to increase so
rapidly, that in 1879 he was compelled to enlarge his
building, giving it a flooraga area of 14,000 feet for sales-
room with a basement of the same size. This house has 32
skylights, with 64 10x20 glass to each skylight, thus mak-
ing 2,048 square feet of light. There are 435 feet of wagon
shelter, making the whole wareliouse one of the largest and
most conveniently arrajjged houses of the kind in the State.
Mr. Reams was succeeded in 1880 by Messrs. W. A. Lea &
T, JJ. Jones, who conducted the business until 1882, when
Mr. Jones withdrew, in order to pay especial attention to
leaf brokerage. Mr. J. S. Lockhart v»'as next admitted as
a partner under the firm name of Lea & Lockhart. Mr.
Lockhart remained a member of the firm until January,
1884, when he also withdrew to take charge of the Banner
Warehouse, which has been moved from its old site and
located next to At water & Wyatt's large brick grocery,
v;here it has been thoroughly renovated and extensively
enlarged. About the 1st of April, 1884, Mr. J. B. Warren,
of Caswell county, was admitted as a partner, and the firm
is now known as Lea & Warren, who are doing a very ex-
tensive business.

PARRISH WAREHOUSE.

This is one of the largest and best equipped ware-
houses in the State, formerly owned by the firm of Parrish
& Blackwell, but now the property of Mr. E. J. Parrish.
Mr. Parrish commenced the tobacco business in 1871 as
auctioneer, in the fir.~t tobacco warehouse established in
Durham, and continued as such until 1873, when he became
proprietor of the new warehouse known as "The Farmer's."
In 1876, he was the successful bidder for the " Durham
Warehouse," which he occupied at an annual rental of
$2,000 for three years, and his business increased rapidly ;
in 1879 he erected his present fine building, at a cost of

Tobacco Warehouses. 97

$32,000, and which is confessedly the best structure of its
kind in Nortli Carolina. It is of brick, 56x225 feet, with a
deep and commodious basement used for storage, and with
apartments for farmers. The roof is a suspension structure,
pierced along its whole length by four rows of solid glass
sk} h'ghts. Along the sides run covered sheds the whole
length of the building, on one side 225x16, and on the
otiier 225x10, with a park-shed 41x150, with two rows of
skylights, large enough to hold one hundred wagons. Ele-
gantly appointed offices give pleasant places of business to
the eight or ten young men necessary for the duties of the
house; these offices, like all other parts of the building,
being lighted with gas. The opening day, September 29th,
1879, was a prominent one in the annals of Durham, many
hundred farmers with their wagons loaded with the tobacco
of the adjoining counties congregating to take advantage
of the animation of the auspicious day. Upwards of 80,-
000 pounds were sold at this warehouse on that day, for an
aggregate sum of $15,000; and the happy fortune of go
favorable a beginning has never deserted the house. Mr.
J. W. Blackwell was admitted as a partner in the business
in April, 1880 ; and under the firm name of Parrish.cfe
Blackwell, the house has continued to enlarge in its opera-
tions, and claims, and with reason, to transact a larger
amount of business than any similar house in North Car-
olina, and has established a national reputation among the
leaf-tobacco markets of the country for the uniformity of
its classification and the honesty of its prizing. Mr. Par-
rish does not buy on order, but solely on his own account.
He is probably the largest tobacco buyer iu the State.
During the month of February, 1884, he paid out to farm-
ers for tobacco sold on his warehouse floor the enormous
sum of $96,000. His auction and prizing houses are, per-
haps, the best equipped in the State. During the year
1881, he sold 8,388,660 pounds of leaf tobacco, realizing
$940,063.98. In 1882, his sales amounted to 5,370,488 lbs.,
and in 1883 his sales reached 6.797,542 lbs., amounting to
$851,958.25. His principal prize house is constructed of
brick, three stories high and about 56x125 feet. The front
is used for the banking and reception rooms of " The Bank
of Durham," of which W. T. Blackwell, Esq., is President.
The other portion of the building is filled with all grades of
North Carolina leaf tobacco in process of prizing or prepar-

98 History of Durham.

ation for shipment. Two other large buildings for prizing
and storing, together with an establishment where his hogs-
heads and tierces are made, are included in his extensive
warehouse business. His exhibits at the Cincinnati Expo-
sitions have uniformly drawn first prizes, one lot shown
there having afterwards sold for $126 per 100 pounds. Mr.
Blackwell's interest in this warehouse was purchased in
January, 1884, by Mr. Parrish for $80,000. It has only
been a few years since Capt. Parrish engaged in business
hereon a very small capital, but through indomitable energy
and superior business abilities, he has amassed a handsome
fortune. There are but few men in the State more success-
ful or more deserving of success, than Captain Edward J.
Parrish.

THE BANNER WAREHOUSE.

This handsome and commodious house was opened April
9th, 1879, by Messrs. Lea, Corbett & Co. In 1880 Mr. Cor-
bett withdrew and Mr. J. T. Lea was admitted as a partner,
and the business conducted under the name and style of
Lea Brothers. The old building, before its removal, (in
1§84) renovation and enlargement, contained a floorage
area of 40x150, with extensive grounds and conveniences
for wagons and horses. The principal supplies of the house
are from the counties of Durham, Orange, Alamance, Cas-
well, Person and Granville, and comprise bright wrappers,
smokers and fillers of the highest grades. Mr. J. Q. A. Bar-
ham, auctioneer, who is one of the best we have ever met.
Sales occur daily. In 1881, Mr. Thomas D. Jones became
a partner and continued as one of the firm for one year,
when the management passed into the hands of Messrs.
Cooper, Hutchings & Co., who conducted the business until
the early part of 1884, when the house was moved, as above
noted, and Mr. J. S. Lockhart became proprietor. The
house now has an area of 50x273 feet, is fully equipped and
is doing a lucrative business.

CONNECTICUT FIRE

HARTFORD, CONN.
ASSETS - - - - $1,837,729.

J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents,
Durham, N. C.

Blackwell's Factory. 99

CHAPTER VI.
Tobacco Factories.

THK BLACKWELL TOBACCO FACTORY.

Tobacco has made Durham famous the world over. Her
celebrated smoking tobacco, because of the superiority iu
both quality and texture of the article from which it is
manufactured, is unequalled anywhere on the habitable
<2;lobe. By critical chemical analysis, by the most celebrated
chemist in the world,* it has been clearl}' demonstrated
that this tobacco contains less nitrates and nicotine than
any other tobacco <;rovi'n in the world. Durham is the bee-
hive of North Carolina, and may be pertinently termed the
Chicago of the South. Manufacturiiig and mercantile en-
terprises are springing into existence like magic on every
hand. Here the song of human industiy and progress floats
upon the balmy bosom of every zephvr, gladdening and
inspiring the hearts of the rich and the poor — inspiring
new ho[)e and energy in the dreary soul of the humble
laborer, wearily plodding his way in search of a comfortable
home. Here all classes of honest and industrious mechan-
ics and laborers find profitable employment, kind friends,
and are surrounded by the most refined, educational, moral
and religious influences and advantages. Durham, to day,
is an asylum for the poor, a place where the " wandering

* ItK. VOKLCKKKS EXAMINATION OF TH K FI.NE YELLOW TOBACCO OF NORTH

CAKOLINA.

Analytical Laboratoky, 11 Salisbury Square, Fleet Street. E. C,

London, December?, 1876.
Mr. .Tohn Ott, Sec etary Southern Fertilizing Company, Richmond, Va.:

Mil Dear ffir :—\on will remember liavinir sent me, some lime ago, a packet
of Tol>acco loaf, l:ibelle<l " Fancy Brijrbt Tobacco, from Granville county. North
rarolina," which you desired mc to analyse. I have now completed the exami-
nation, and have much pleasure in handinjr you the result.s obtained, botli in
the analysis of th? organic and the inorganic parts of this magnificent Tobacco.
The dried leaf, wlieu analyzed, had the following general composition :

Moisture H.68

Organic matter 72.07

Mineral mutter (ash), 13.25

100.00
In comparing this general statement with the result-s which Pro. Johnson, of
Yale colli'ge.t obtained some years ago, in the examination of a specimen of
Fancy Krighi T<il)acci). from Granville county. X. C.,you will notice that whilst
the Frof(>ss(>r found only S..V? per cent, of a.-h."the sample you sent mecontained
18.2.") percent. Now, whilst 1 do not doubt, for a moment, the correctness of
I'rof. .Iohns<iii"s determination, I may be allowed to say that.S'4 per cent, is an

tAnalysis of sample from crop 1872, of E. E. Lyon, Granville county, S.
C: Sillcia. 0.12 (per cent.); Chlorine, 0.20; Sulphuric .\cid,0.86; Phosphoric Acid,
0.7;{; Lime, 2.1); Magnesia. I 05; Potash, 3..54 ; Soda, 0.09; Ash, S.Si; Organic mat-
ter, sand and nitric acid, 01.47; Nitrogen, 2.S3. Sample furnished by the South-
ern Kcrl ili/iiii.' ('(impany, Richmond, Va.

100 History of Durham.

Jew" — the illustrious cosmopolite, whose ancient prestige
and glory, richly embellishing the ethical and aesthetic
pages of history, though buried beneath the hoary locks of
time, yet wield a salutary influence upon the morals of the
world, — finds a peaceful and profitable retreat. And the
extraneous fame of the town, as well as its internal pros-
perity and wonderful progress, are mainly due to the inde-
fatigable zeal and sagacious business abilities of those emi-
nently worthy gentlemen — W. T. Blackwell aod Julian S.
Carr — the founders of the great manufacturing enterprise
which is the subject of this sketch. These gentlemen not
only laid the foundation of Durham's greatness, but are
still the leading builders, polishing and fitting stone after
stone in her rapidly towering temple of fame. Their en-
ergies, wisdom and money have been freely and lavishly
used to preserve unsullied her illustrious name, which, as
the very synon3'm of success, has been used by foreign en-
terprises, detracting from her enviable reputation and pros-
perity, and enhancing the value of the spurious products
of meaner marts. (See Blackwell Litigation cases, chap, ii.)
With these introductory observations, we proceed to give
the reader a brief delineation of Blackwell's Durham To-
bacco Co.'s Factory, which is the shrine of all pilgrims to
Durham, and which, like Niagara Falls, the Yosmite Valley
and other extraordinary objects of interest to be seen in
this country, amply fills the measure of its world-wide
fame.

exceptionally low percentage of mineral matter in Tobacco leaves, for, in all of the
recorded analyses of tobacco which I could lay hold of,— analyses made in your
country as well as in others mado on the Continent, I do not findaiiy other specl-
nienwliich yielded as little as &]4 percent, of asli, and the per ceiitase which I ob-
tiiined in the sample you sent "me agrees better with the average amount of
mineral matter in Tobacco. The proportion of ash constituents in fobacco,
however, I find varies considerably, and usually amouuts to over 12 per cent.,
and in some instances reaches to 20 per cent in round numbers.

I have made a complete analysis of the ash of the sample you sent me, and
embody the results in the lollowing tabulated statement showing the composi-
tion of the Mineral portion (ash) of a sample Fancy Bright Tobacco, grown in
Granville county, N. ('., and sent to Dr. Voelclcer, by Mr. ,lohr. Ott, Secretary,
&c., of Richmond :

Lime 2^M

Magnesia, 4 05

Oxide of Iron, wi

Potash, ; 18.55

Chloride of Potassium, 5.82

(!^hloride of Sodium, 7.17

Phosphoric Acid, S.'W

Sulphuric Acid, 3.37

Soluble Silica, 1':.80

Fine Sand 5.72

Carbonic Acid and Loss, I3.9>

100.00

Blackwell's Factory. 101

The factory and its adjuncts cover fifteen acres of ground,
and is the largest and most attractive smoking tobacco fac-
tory in the world. It is composed of brick and granite
stone equally combined and hnrmoniousl}' blended. The
windows, which are almost innumerable, are set in frames
of granite, and throughout the whole' exterior this substan-
tial material is seen ornamenting and supporting the struc-
ture.

The factor}^ has a frontage of 200 feet — to which another
100 feet will soon be added, as a consequence of increasing
business — a height of four stories, and two connecting
wings, each four stories high and IGO feet in length. Within
the grounds are all kinds of supplementary structures, such
as storage houses for leaf tobacco and other things, print-
ing establishments, box-making factories, machine shops,
lire apparatus, etc. In addition to the buildings in the en-
closure, the Company have several other large warehouses
used for storing leaf. They constantly carry from three to
five million pounds of leaf tobacco adapted to their require-
ments.

The factory is located in the immediate country known
as "The Golden Belt," or bright tobacco region, which pro-
duces a grade of tobacco that in texture, flavor and quality
is not equaled elsewhere. The popularity of their goods is
limited only by the quantity produced, and they are in a
position to command the choice of all offerings upon our

Deducting Sand and Carbonic Acid, and the composition of the pure Tobacco
Is as follows ;

Lime, 29.12

aiagnesia 5.04

Oxide of Iron, 1.01

Potiish, „ 23.09

Chloride of Potassium, „ 7.2.5

Chloride Sodium, 8.93

Phosplioric Acid, 4.18

Sulphuric Acid, '. 4.bJ

Soluble Silicia,...-. 17.19

100.00

I find merely traces of nitrates in the Fancy Bright Tobacco, -which, perhaps,
is one of the reasons why this Tobacco has a very mild taste; for, in all biting,
strong Tobaccos, I find invariably nitrates are present in considerable propor-
tions.

Another, and still more Important fact, which an investigation has brought to
light, is tliat the Granville county Tobacco you sent me contains little nicotine,
which I am inclined tu regard as a good feature of this kind of Tobacco. In
coarse, strong Tobaccos, notably the inferior Tobaccos grown in the Palatinate
(Bavaria), and some of the coarse (liighlj- manured) Virgina Tobaccos, tliey are
found to contain much more nicotine, some as liigh as three or four times as
much as I find in the " Fancy Bright."

102 History of Durham.

market, thus securing to the trade the very best. Millions
have used and still use this celebrated smoking tobacco, who
give little thought to its manner of preparation, or the vast
dmountof capital, skill and energy requisite to successfully
manufacture wliat is now known, ifrom the unique and orig-
inal way of advertising in all parts of the habitable globe.
Who has not seen the trade mark of the bull? — the right to
use which has been awarded solely to this establishment by
the United States Courts, thereby protecting the firm in
what they originated, and under which brand their fame
has become absolute. All attempts at imitation have failed.
Tl;e goods put on the market possess a charming flavor that
no one can even imitate; and the smoker at once recognizes
the genuine article.

This factory has been one of the most potent instrumen-
talities in the building up of Durham. The vast amount of
money it distributes finds lodgment in the hands of all
classes, and is an ever unfailing source of revenue to the
town. So much for its home benefits, and now as to the
world : The old brands of smoking tobacco have disap-
peared from the marts of commerce, and in their stead is
the celebrated granulated tobacco manufactured by this
firm, and possessing a superiority born of the result of pa-

The following table shows the detailed composition of the sample of Fancy
Bright Granville county Tobacco, sent by Mr. John Ott, Secretary, &c., and ana-
lysed by Dr. Voelcker :

Moisture, 14.68

*Gum, extractive matters, and other substances, soluble in water, 36.17

Mineral matters, soluble in water, 8.92

Nicotine 1.30

' Resinous compounds. Oil and other constituents, solublein ether

and alcohol, „ 6.68

( Digestible woody fibre, 14.43

jf\ Indigestible woody fibre (pure cellulose) 12.42

( Mineral matter, insoluble in water, 4.33= 32.18

100.00

♦Containing Nitrogen .47

fNitrogen in portion insoluble in water, .44

Total per centage of Nitrogen, .91

In other recorded Tobacco analyses, I find the proportion of nitrogen is given
much higher; and for this reason I was particularly anxious to verify my re-
sults by repeated determinations, which closely agreed in the second decimals,
and leave no doubt in my mind that the Fancy Bright Granville Tobacco con-
tains a comparatively very small amount of nitrogenous (albuminous) com-
pounds. Perhaps tliis explains the delicate flavor of the Tobacco smoke of this
kind of Tobacco; for it is well known that albuminous and other nitrogenous
compounds, when largely present in materials submitted to dry distillation
(and smoking is a familiar illustration of destructive dry distillation) give off
disagreeable-smelling ammoniacal vapours, reminding one moreor less of singed
feathers or burnt horn. Be this as it may, the Fancy Bright Granville county

Blackwell's Factory. 103

tient investigation^ experience and vast outlays of capital.
It is now recognized throughout the world, and most de-
servedly so.

We have visited many huge concerns in our time, but
this stands pre-eminently first as the most complete in all its
appointments we have ever seen, and we question if its
equal — no matter to what purpose devoted — can be found
in this country or any other. There is not a detail con-
nected with the business but what is covered, and the entire
establishment is a vast hive of industry. The history of this
establishment at its conception is patent to multitudes;
hence we only say that in 18G5, Mr. J. R. Green was manu-
facturing tobacco at Durham station. He was joined by
Mr. W. T. Blackwell and J. R. Day in 1868, but soon there-
after his death occurred and his interest was purchased by
the gentlemen named above. In 1870 Mr. Julian S. Carp,
of Chapel Hill, N. C, was admitted to the firm, and from
that time the business and the town began to thrive. A few
years after Mr. Day retired, and in January, 1883, Mr.
Blackwell sold out his interest, thus leaving Mr. Carr alone.

Tobacco certainly Is one of the finest flavoured, mild Tobaccos I ever smoked
and It is certainly a fact that it is poor both in nicotine and albuminous com
pounds, which I am inclined to regard as a good and distinguished characteris-
tic of delicate flavoured mild Tobaccos.

How variable the proportions of nitrogen and ash are in Tobacco, you ■will
notice in the following determinations which I made of three other samples of
(prepared) Tobacco which you liiudly sent me:

Percentage of Nitrogen and Ash in three apecimens of Tobacco, dried at 212°
Fahrenheit.

Percentage of Nitrogen. Percentage of Ash.

"Lone Jack" Tobacco 1.65 li.%

"Perfection Straight Cut Matcli-

less Cavendish," prepared by

J. F. Allen & Co., Richmond, 1.68 16.48

Louisiana " Perique " Tobacco,

grown in St. James Parish

(crop of 1872), 3.(M 20.55

You will observe that the strong Perique Tobacco is much richer In nitrogen
and ash than the milder kinds.

Of course, I merely throw oui, byway of suggestion, that delicate flavoured
mild Tobacco is likely to be found always poor in nitrogen. An extended series
of analyses alone would be required to establish this point. If my engagements
permitted it, I should feel much interested in following up this line of investi-
gation, but I have my hands so full of work, and the subject of Tobacco-growth
is of no Immediate interest to British agriculturists, that I am obliged to leave
so important and interesting a work as that of a thorough Tobacco investigation.,
to others more favorably situated than I am.

Believe me, my dear sir, yours faithfully,
(Signed) AUGUSTUS VOELCKER.

104 History op Durham.

On the 24tb of January, 1883, Blackwell's Durham Tobacco
Company was chartered, with an authorized capital of $1,-
000,000 and a paid up capital of $500,000. Mr. Julian S.
Carr is the President; M. E McDowell, Vice-President, and
J, A. McDowell, Secretary and Treasurer. All the rights
belonging to the business are now the property of the pres-
ent company; and dealers will be protected every way as
heretofore. This house does business with wholesale dealers
only, and have their representatives everywhere, both in
this and foreign countries.

On the Main Front are two pictures of a magnificent Dur-
ham bull, well executed, which engrosses the attention of
all. An interesting feature, also, of this establishment is a
steam whistle, so constructed that it imitates the bellow of
a bull. The imitation is so perfect that a stranger would
be slow to detect the deception. It is said that it costs $6
each time tins bull whistle bellows. It can be heard a dis-
tance of thirteen miles.

A short time since it became necessary to enlarge, and
two L's were built, 160x40, five stories high. The only way
to realize the stupendous magnitude of these buildings is to
view them from the rear. There are two engines, one of 75
horse-power and one of 40, supplied by a battery of four
boilers of 21G horse-power. The boilers are fed with wood
now, but soon only coal will be used. A switch runs from
the main track of the railroad, on which stands the cars to
be loaded, directly in front of the salesroom. The company
is shipping about 25,000 pounds a day, running to the full
capacity of the stamping room ; and this year they intend
to ship 5,000,000 pounds, being two and a half million more
than ever heretofore, thus exemplifying the wonderful rep-
utation of the tobacco and the immense increasing demand.
Some idea of their great business for the past four years can
be gathered from the fact that in that time they paid to the
government $2,076,665.81 for stamps on their genuine bull
Durham tobacco, and this does not include the amount paid
on cigarettes. This is about $44,000 per month on the
average. Truly a most remarkable showing, and one that
cannot be denied, as it is taken from the books of the gov-
ernment officer. In 1881 this firm paid $645,591.33 of a
total of $727,269.54. This shows most plainly the verdict
of the public ; and if their goods are not popular, reliable
and standard, why should an unprejudiced public use eight

Blackwell's Factory.

105

times as much of them as all the rest combined ? Facts are
stubborn things, and herein are they exemplified. About
1,000 cases of 25 pounds each are shipped daily, with 20,000
pounds allowed to a car load, and these shipments are des-
tined to all parts of the world. They employ altogether
nearly 1,000 hands, GS5 of whom are in the factory and 250
outside, engaged in manufacturing the various sizes of bags
in which the tobacco is packed.

Those emplo3'ed in the factory are systematically classi-
fied and distributed as follows:

DEPATME>*TS.

A — Mixing and Shipping,
B — Handling Leaf,
D— Cutting Leaf,
E — Stamping, Labeling, etc.,
F — Flavoring and Packing,
G — Cigarette Factory,
H — Cutting, etc., of Long Cut,
I — Engines, Machinery, etc.,
J — Wooden Box Factory,
K — Paper Box Factory,
L— Printing Office,
N— Stables, Mills, Watch-
men, etc.,
Outside Work,

NAMES OF MANAGERS.

HANDS.

G. W. Burch,

J. M. Blackwood,

J. U. Goodwin,

Z. M. Pearman,

150

Geo. C. Scruggs,
W. T. Speed,
C. J. O'Brien,

100

150

W. H. Hanks,

R. W. Denny,
J. C. Rogers,

40
25

C. D. Whitaker,

M. C. McCown.

Tobacco Sack Makers, etc.,

250

Total number of hands employed,

935

The company use over 110,000 yards of cloth a month for
this purpose, or a total, probably, of 1,400,000 yards per
annum, representing about one-fourth of the annual pro-
duction of the celebrated Augusta Factory of Georgia.

On the first floor are the offices, and they are elaborately
furnished with all modeVn appliances to simplify and save
time. The walls are hung with the various diplomas, med-
als, etc., awarded the bull brand of tobacco, embracing such
from all parts of the world, even including New Zealand,
while the numerous chromos, paintings and lithographs that
are conversant to the public at large, are also displayed.
Adjoining is the salesroom, filled with goods ready to ship.
A most complete vault is attached to the chashier's depart-
ment, having an outer wall four feet thick, with two stone
walls and one of brick twelve inches each, and two double

106 History of Durham.

six-inch air chambers. It is fifteen feet high and 12x15,
with double doors. The arrangements throughout the build-
ings for protection against fire are very perfect. Two
chemical engines outside, and fort3'-five tanks holding 1,000
gallons each, are located at the top of the edifice inside, with
pipe and hose leading to every floor. In the rear grounds
another very large tank has been erected, which contains
many thousand gallons, accessible by pipes to all parts of
the premises. Also barrels of water, all headed up, but
with mallets ready, buckets, axes and iron doors on each
floor, form quite valuable assistants. There are elevators at
each end of the building, which are in constant use.

The second floor is the stamping department, and here
can be seen the numerous bags receiving their labels, stamps,
cautionary notices, etc , put on in the most rapid manner by
negro boj^s. This room is a curiosity, the work being so
deftly executed. In other rooms is put up their celebrated
" Durham Long Cut," in silver paper and tin-foil packages,
and elaborately embellished. For cigarette and pipesmoking,
it is superior to any tobacco made in the world, and is manu-
factured from pure leaf, free from nitrates and narcotics.
The cigars that the late Emperor of France,* Louis Napoleon,
smoked, and which cost one dollar each in Havana, were
made from the same leaf that is now used in Blackwell's
Durham Long Cut and Blackwell's Durham cigarettes. It
is identical. Prof. Horsford, when in Cuba, procured some
of the same cigars, and there learned that thej' were made
from leaf grown in North Carolina, and in the section where
this factory is situated. The manufacturer of the Napoleon
cigars' remarked that it was impossible to make any better
goods, and no other leaf would equal that used for the
purpose.

The machinery used is of the latest and most perfect con-
struction. There are two pasting machines, the invention
of one of the superintendents, that do the work as fast as
the speed of the hand allows. They are small machines
run by steaim, as is all the machinery employed. There
is also a machine for printing labels on bags and on wood.

«XoTE.— In reply to a direct question as to the trsth of this claim, put by a rep-
resentative of the U. S. Tobacco Journal, :Mr. Carr said:

" Well, that's a leading question; I don't suppose I am capable of judging In
the matter. Professor Horsford is an authority on the subject, and I have his
word for it that the cigars he procured in Havana were made of North Carolina
bright tobacco."

Black well's Factory. 107

A nailing machine, by the aid of which a man will nail
1,000 boxes a da}', is employed. There are two Pease To-
bacco Cutters that make 1,400 revolutions a minute, with
twenty Granulating Tobacco Cutters, all of the best. There
are also Separators and Bolters used, similar to flour mills,
with drying rooms on each floor, one of which is 85x40 feet,
in which hundreds of trays are used. It will be seen that
everything that enters into the manufacture of tobacco is
of the very best and bought solely with the idea of enhan-
cing the value of the bull brand of tobacco. The room
devoted to the packing department contains seventeen
presses, worked by five hands to a machine, which produce
7,200 bags each a day. They are run by steam, and are the
invention of a Durhamite, and considered the most complete
ever invented. They certainly do the work most expedi-
tiously. Every package of tobacco or cigarettes is carefully
inspected, and nothing leaves the factory of a poor quality
or condition, hence its wonderful reputation.

An interesting feature of the business is the great artesian
well, which is 1,750 feet deep. The object in view in boring
out this subterraneous passage is to strike sea level, in order
to secure a more bountiful suppl}'' of water, the ordinary
wells being inadequate to furnish the necessary supply du-
ring the summer months. The company are often compelled
to haul water, at considerable expense, from other localities.
The engines and boilers are first-class and of large size.
There are two elevators in the factory. The heating, lighting
and ventilating provisions of the premises are, as may
readily be imagined, as perfect as it is possible to make them.

The company uses two barrels of the best New England
rum, or eighty gallons a day, together with the tonka bean
and other aromatics, the secret of their preparation being
known only to the firm. The aroma known as the bull
Durham flavor is thus preserved, that probably other manu-
facturers would give thousands of dollars to learn. The
cigarette department is unable to keep up with orders, owing
to the difficulty of procuring the right kind of labor. Ail
such now employed in this department were educated by
the firm ; and they produce what is known as the Durham
cigarette, nicely put up and in great demand.

At the rear end of the left wine:, on the fourth floor, is a
drying room with a capacity of 40,000 pounds. In this
compartment this large quantity may be dried iu a few

108 History of Durham.

hours. On the same floor, at the front, the " Genuine Dur-
ham Smokii^g Tobacco" is seen unpacked. With the ex-
ception of the drying department just referred to, this entire
floor, front and both wings, is filled with granulated tobacco
ready for packing processes. In this vast space almost a
million pounds are distributed, and in looking at the tow-
ering heaps an observer is reminded of mountains of shining
gold. The sight is a beautiful and unequalled one. After
viewing it one no longer wonders how it is that the "Genu-
ine Durham Smoking Tobacco" has sellers and buyers in
every little and big tobacco establishment throughout the
world. The factory has the facilities for supplying the uni-
versal demand, and the tobacco is distributed with as much
skill as it is manufactured.

The cutting room is on the first floor of the left wing,
where twelve and sometimes fourteen cutting machines are
in continual daily operation. In the basement of the same
floor is a compartment where the iron hoops used to bind
cases of goods are punched. Next to it is a machine shop,
where the machinery of the factory is repaired. A grist
mill adjoins; and beyond is a paper box factory, in which
all the pasteboard boxes used in the factory are made. Over
this is the printing establishment, in which every variet}^
of printing, plain, gilt and in colors, seen on the goods
emanating from this factory, including bands and labels,
large and small, is effected. Adjacent is a planing and box-
making shop.

In conclusion, to give some idea of the immensity of this
establishment, we subjoin a few facts and figures from the
President, Julian S. Carr, Esq., in the form of an interview :

" I want to know something about the methods which has
made Bull Durham the popular brand of smoking tobacco."

'• Having a good thing, we have extensively advertised it."

"You believe in extensive advertising."

" Yes, sir; as long as I have a dollar to spare, I will in-
vest it in advertising."

" How much do you spend annually in that way?"

" You can see for yourself. Here is a contract for adver-
tising in country newspapers."

The contract dated September 27, was made with N. W.
Ayer & Son, advertising agents of Philadelphia, and the
amount was $100,000.

" With the large dailies," continued Mr. Carr, " we make

Blackwell's Factory. 109

special contracts, amounting this year to about 850,000.
That will make ^150,000. Our clocks wliich have made a
hit cost us W.OOO. That is §210,000. Now, in addition to
this, we have four gangs of painters working through (lie
country. One gang is following the railroads through the
South to New Orleans and Texas, and later on to Mexico,
One gang is painting from New York to Washington, and
later on will go to New England. Another gang is at work
between New York and Philadelphia, on the Pennsylvania
and Bound Brook railroads. The fourth gang has started
from Chicago, and will paint all through the West and over
the Northern Pacific Railroad clear to Seattle, Washington
Territory. This work is partly done by contract and partly
by hiring men by the day. We have one man who has
made a great reputation as a painter. His real name is .J.
Gilmer Kerner, of Kernersville, this State. His artist vjom
dc 7)^a7ne is Reuben Rink. Reuben Rink's bulls are noted
for their fire and spirit. You see ordinary signs are played
out. We have to have something striking. Every sign that
Reuben Rink paints creates a sensation. They are generally
80x150 feet in size, and the papers in the small town do not
fail to criticise their artistic merits. We receive a record
every day from the painters in our direct employ, showing'
what they have daily performed. We have covered every
State in the Union, Manitoba and part of Canada, but we
have to go over the work every two years. We lose money
unless we keep the signs fresh. You can make your own
estimate of what this all costs."

During the year 1883 the Company manufactured into
smoking tobacco and cigarettes about 5,000,000 pounds of
tobacco, as follows:

Genuine Bull Durham, 4,371,032 pounds.

Banner Durham, 296,905 "

Blackwell's Long Cut Durham, 25,207 "

Durham Long Cut, 43,400

Total, 4,737,250

Number of Cigarettes, 14,407,200.

Having served as manager of one of the departments in
this factory for several months, and having on all occasions
received such marked courtesy and kind consideration irom
its President and his corps of efficient lieutenants, the writer

110 History of Durham.

cannot justify himself in taking leave of the subject without
tendering his most grateful acknowledgments. While he
does not intend any invidious discrimination, he would
acknowledge the kind offices of Mr. H. N. Snow% especially,
in valuable assistance cheerfully rendered him in the col-
lection of statistics and other important data. This gentle-
man is Mr. Carr's private secretary', and is one of the most
industriou.^, sapient and affable business men connected
with the factory.

M. E. m'dOWELL & CO. — PHILADELPHIA.

This firm, although not residents of Durham, are so inti-
mately connec-ted with its tobacco interests as to deserve
mention, forming as they do quite a financial desideratum
in the prosperity of our people. They are the sole agents, in
Philadelphia, of Bhtckwell's Durham Tobacco Company,
and, as is well known, have ample and unequalled facilities
for the distribution of their goods throughout the country
and the world. They have large capital, and have business
connections in all the principal cities and towns in the
United States and Europe. Their export trade is constantly
augmenting, and their domestic business embraces all the
United States and Territories. Tiiey have purchased, altered
and superbly embellished a large brown-stone warehouse in
Chesnut street, Philadelphia, in which a large portion of
their rapidly increasing business is transacted. This acqui-
sition, together with their other warehouse in the same city
and their large branch-houses in New York, Chicago and
other places, enable them to place the goods they handle as
fast as they can be manufactured.

W. DUKE SONS & CO.

This is one of the largest smoking tobacco and cigarette
factories in America, and the goods produced are of a supe-
rior quality and elicit ready reception wherever introduced.
This manufacturing enterprise has grown up into gigantic
proportions in a remarkably short space of time and from
very unpretentious beginnings. Mr. W. Duke came out of
the late civil war, like thousands of others, an almost bank-
rupt, the only property surviving the devastation of" grim-
visaged war" being a wagon and pair of mules. With these

Duke's Factory. Ill

he began an itinerant tobacco traffic. By dint of. indefati-
gable energy and keen business sagacity he wrung success
from the very jaws of adversity, and was enabled in the fall
of 1865 to engage in the manufacture of smoking tobacco in
the vicinity of Durham, and soon moved his business into
the town. Since this transfer of localit}' his business has so
rapidly expanded as to require increased facilities, from time
to time, until now, when his new four-story brick factory —
which will front 184 feet on R. R. street, running 84 feet
back, containing 40,000 square feet of floorage — shall have
been completed, it will be one of the largest smoking to-
bacco and cigarette enterprises in the United States. In
1878 he took into copartnership three enterprising and ex-
perienced members of his family, and now occupy two large
wood buildings for manufacturing purposes, — one for smok-
ing tobacco, shipping rooms, offices, etc., three stories high,
70 feet long, with a frontage of 80 feet, the other being used
principally for the manufacture of their deservedly popular
cigarettes, known as " The Duke of Durham." This building
also contains a superbly equipped job printing office, where
the company's printing is most artistically and expedi-
ciouly executed, under the supervision of an experienced
printer, Mr. John T. Britt, assisted by a corps of gentle-
manly and thoroughly competent compositors. On the
premises are several other buildings — box shops, engine
house, and (recently erected) a very large four story storage
house. The trade of this house extends throuahout the
United States, and large shipments are made to sixteen for-
eign countries. The stock used is bought on the Durham
market, and is the finest tobacco for the purpose grown in
any country.

This firm commenced the manufacture of cigarettes in
1881. There being several brands of very excellent ciga-
rettes on the market, popular prejudice, to a large extent,
had to be combatted and supplanted. Keenly alive to the
importance of these as well as other difficulties which inevi-
tably and formidably confront the introduction of "anew
thing," these gentlemen wisely determined that the only
medium of successful competition consisted in the use only
of the very best material on the market, and hence the to-
bacco used is selected with the most scru[)ulous care. Their
" Duke of Durham " cigarettes have elicited such grjat pop-
ularity and increasing demand in this and foreign coun-

112 History of Durham.

tries, as to necessitate greatl}' enhanced manufacturing fa-,
cilities; hence the pending erection of their new brick fac-
tory. It now requires the manufacture of 250,000 cigarettes
per day :o supply tlie constantly augmenting demand. The
new building will be amply furnished with all the modern
and most approved appurtenances and conveniences em-
ployed in the manufacture of smoking tobacco and ciga-
rettes. The enviable reputation of this enterprising firm,
achieved through assiduous application to business, in all
its ramifications, permeated by a sincere desire not only to
please their customers, but by a pertinacious determination
to produce goods that will bear the most hypercritical anal-
ysis and stand upon their intrinsic merits alone, is a suffi-
cient guaranty to the smoking public that W. Duke, Sons
& Co. do not intend in future to be excelled in any of the
details constituting a pleasant, healthful and uniform quality
of goods.

While Mr. Duke was nominated for State Treasurer by
the present political amalgamation, known as the Anti-
Prohibition-Republican Party, he is nevertheless an in-
veterate opponent of the Whiskey Traffic. He is a true and
tried Republican upon republican principles — the principles
which have endeared that party to the hearts of the people
for twenty years, and is one of those pure patriots who have
worked earnestly to preserve ils escutcheon undefiled. Tiie
Chronicle in speaking of his nomination, says : " Mr. Duke
is the father of the famous and enterprising tobacco and cig-
arette manufacturing firm which bears his name — W.
Duke Sons & Co., of Durham. He is between fifty and sixty
years of age, a vigorous, well preserved man, a man wlio
has led an industrious and successful life, and been highly
esteemed by all who have known him. He has trained his
sons 10 be business men of uncommon ability and enter-
prise, as their gigantic success demonstrates. A man that
has such a record in private life is, of course, worthy of the
confidence of the public, and the Republicans could not
have nominated a man in their party in whose integrity the
people would have greater confidence. Mr. Duke has had
no political experience and no experience of any kind in
public affairs. He has never been a politician, and though
he is a staunch Republican, it is well understood that he
preferred to be left off the ticket and will take no active in-
terest in the campaign."

Morris & Son Manufacturing Co. 11;

THE R. F. morris & SON MANUFACTURING CO.

Robert F. Morris, the founder of this enteprise, was one of
the earliest settlers at Durham, removing here from Gran-
ville county in 1858. Ho was the pioneer in the tobacco
business at Durham, and did much towards building up
the town and making it a tobacco market.

Prior to the late war, he set his son (G. B. Morris) up in
the smoking tobacco business, in company with a Mr.
Wright; and during the war Mr. Morris manufactured to-
bacco himself, but before the close of it he and Morris &,
Wright sold out to Mr. J. R. Green. Early in 1865 he put
up another factory and began the manufacture of the cele-
brated "Spanish Flavored Eureka Smoking Tobacco," which
gave notoriety and popularity to the Durham tobacco, and
up to within two or three years of his death, which occurred
in 1872, this was one of the leading brands of tubacco manu-
factured at Durham.

Mr. Morris entertained the idea that Durham was one da}'
to be a large and flourishing town ; and, incited by this idea,
he invested largely in real estate in the future Chicago of
the South. In consequence of his real estate investuients,
he cramped his tobacco business, which was rapidly growintr.
There was nothing selfish in his nature, but he felt a great
pride in seeing Durham grow and prosper. He was gener-
ous to all.

Mr. Morris did not live long enough to see his pre-con-
ceived ideas of Durham's greatness fulfilled, as it has been
within the past seven or eight years that she has made her
greatest progress and developed into a young city and a
great tobacco mart.

The R. F. Morris & Son Manufacturing Co., of which W.
H. Willard is president, and S. F. Touilinson, Secretary and
Treasurer, are the successors of R. F. Morris & Son, and
under their supervision the "Eureka Durham" has sus-
tained its high reputation as a smoker, helping to give the
smoking tobaccos of Durham a world-wide reputation.

Their brands continue to grow in favor and their busi-
ness is annually on the increase. Besides the celebrated
"Eureka Durham" they manufacture the "Bear" and
" Gold Leaf Durham ;" the latter being of a beautiful golden
color and made from the very finest tobacco grown in North
Carolina, and only in a certain locality of the State. This

114 History of Durham.

tobacco, like the "Vuelta Abass," is of extra fine quality
and has a flavor peculiar to itself, which no other tobacco
has

This firm manufactures also a superior article of Scotch
Snulf, equal to any brand on the market. The name of their
brand is " Ladies' Clioice Scotch Snuff." It is made from
the very best North Carolina sun cured tobacco, being
entirely free from adulterations and injurious drugs or
chemicals. This is a comparatively new enterprise, but a
growing one. This firm is one of the leading manufactures
of the town.

E. T. FAUCETT.

If perfect system, superior goods, the best and most im-
proved modern aj>pliances in the manufacture of cigarettes
and smoking tobacco, are the prerequisites of a first class
manufacturing establishment, then this factory is justly
entitled to prominence among the leading institutions of
the kind in North Carolina. Mr. Faucett is a gentleman of
large and varied experience in the business, and spares no
pains nor expense to produce a quality of goods which will
stand upon their merits and compete favorably with the
best brands manufactured. He engaged in business herein
1871. In 1877 his factory was destroyed by fire, but he
immediately re-built in another locality. He now occupies
a wood building 80x40 feet, two and a half stories high.
His products are granulated and long-cut smoking tobaccos
and cigarettes, his special brands being "Little Oronoka,"
" Favorite Durham " and " Ten Cent Durham," and his trade
covers the entire Union, and is still rapidly increasing. In
October, 1883, he entered as a partner in and was chosen
president of " The Durham Cigarette Company." The ex-
cellent quality of their goods created so great a demand that
enlarged facilities became indispensable. Their new quar-
ters are now completed, giving employment to a greatly
increased number of skilled operatives. "Little Oronoka"
is undoubtedly one of the finest cigarettes manufactured in
this or any other State. It is manufactured only from the
quality of tobacco from which it derives its name. It pro-
duces a sweet, mild smoke, and does not bite the tongue,
being almost entirely free from nicotine. Smokers of long-
cut and cigarettes are of that class, mostly young, who like

Z. I. Lyon & Co. 115

to smoke often and long, and who are ever on the lookout
for goods that will not liite the tongue or nauseate. The
tobacco known as the *' Little Oronoka " is grown only in a
few counties in Middle North Carolina, and consequently
cannot be obtained by all manufacturers. Mr. Faucett is
rapidly extending his sales, which could be greatly acceler-
ated, but for the difficulty in securing workmen. He has
for two years been manufacturing some of the most popular
brands of smoking tobacco, and his reputation for producing
none but goods of solid merit is too well understood and
appreciated to need iurther comment, here, and we simply
add that a trial package of his cigarettes or smoking tobacco,
will be sufficient to convince the most incredulous. Mr.
Faucett, socially is one of the most entertaining courteous
and high-toned citizens of Durham. In business, he is en-
ergetic, sapient and honorable in all his dealings, and richly
deserves the great success he is receiving.

Z. I. LYON & CO.

This firm is composed of Messrs. Z. L Lyon, J. W. Cheek,
F. C. Geer and J. Ed. Lyon, and was formed in 1SG8. Mr.
J. Ed. Lyon is the oldest surviving manufacturer of tobacco
in Durham, having owned an. interest in the celebrated
Bull brand of smoking tobacco, in copartnership with Mr.
J. R. Green, in 1865. In 1867 he sold his interest in the
Bull brand, and commenced the manufacture of " The Pride
of Durham," in copartnership with Z. I. Lyon, under the
name and style of J. Ed. Lyon & Co. In the early part of
1868 he again purchased an interest in J. R. Green's factory
and continued with him until the latter part of the same
year, when he was offered and again secured an interest in
the "Pride of Durham " brand of granulated smoking to-
bacco. During the year 1868 Messrs. J. W. Cheek and F.
C. Geer were admitted as partners, and the firm name was
changed to Z. I. Lyon & Co. They occupy a 32x70 two and
a half story wood building, where they are doing a prosper-
ous business, their excellent productions increasing in pop-
ularity and demand. Their sales now cover the entire Union.
They use steam power and give employment to a large
number of skilled operatives. The factory is well furnished
witli the most approved manufacturing appliances. Their
product is exclusively granulated and their annual out-put

116 History of Durham.

is over two hundred thousand pounds, their brand being
" The Pride of Darham," of whicli they may well be proud,
for it is certainly a very excellent quality of smoking to-
bacco, and is fast becoming one of the leading brands of the
country. If indomitable energy coupled with rare business
qualifications can be relied on as essential concomitants of
success, then these gentlemen richly deserve, and will un-
questionably receive their full meed. Amid all the ramifi-
cations of their business a commendable feature is every-
where manifested, even to the most casual observer — a fixed
determination to please their customers, not only in the
quality of their goods, but in all their business transactions,
and this is one of the most important pre-requisites of suc-
cess.

ROULHAC & CO.

Mr. W. S. Roulhac moved to Durham in 1875, and man-
ufactured the "Tiger" brand of granulated smoking tobacco,
which brand he had been operating, in copartnership with
Mr. Webb, in Hillsboro, since 1871. In 1876 the firm name
was changed to Roulhac & Co., after which several changes
were made and the firm was finally dissolved, and the busi-
ness discontinued.

J. R. DAY & BRO.

This firm began the manufacture of the "Standard of tlie
World" brand of granulated smoking tobacco in November,
1878, the firm having been composed of J. R. and W. P.
Day. The former was one of the copartners of W. T. Black-
well & Co., and acquired large experience as a manufacturer.
They occupied a two and a half story wood building, located in
the rear of Stokes Building. In January, 1880, the business
was sold to H. K. and F. B. Thurber, of New York. The
factory was burned in December, 1880, and has not since
been rebuilt or the business resumed.

ISSAC N. LINK.

Tliis gentleman engaged in the manufacture of tobacco in
Durham in 1876, succeeding W. R. Hughes & Co. His
product was exclusively granulated tobacco, his sole brand
being the " Dime Durham." The factory had a capacity of
about one thousand pounds per day. Its principal markets

SiEGEL Brothers. 117

were New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati and Chicago. In
the latter part of 18S1 Mr. Link sold out his business — in-
cluding his brand — to Messrs. W. Duke Sons & Co., by
whom, ever since, he has been employed as book-keeper.

SIEGEL BROTHERS.

These courteous and enterprising gentlemen were born in
Kovno, Russia, which town has large cigarette factories, and
in one of these J. M. Siegel served his apprenticeship, and
also worked in St. Petersburg. He says that every fac-
tory was in charge of a government officer, who remained
in it all the time, having entire control of it. Every
night the officer superintended the closing of the factory,
and put the government seal upon the door; and in the
morning he broke the seal, and opened it. At night the
operatives were regularly searched, and as many as left the
factory to go to their dinner were also searched at noon.
Turkish tobacco was used entirely, the cheapest being worth
a dollar, and the dearest nine dollars a pound. These Rus-
sian cigarettes are famous the world over. From Russia,
J. M. Siegel went to London, and worked there in the largest
factories about four years. On coming to the United States,
he worked with Goodwin & Co. several years, and was Su-
perintendent of W. Duke Sons & Co.'s cigarette department
about three years, when he went into his present firm.

David Siegel's knowledge and skill in cigarette making
were obtained under more trying circumstances than in
his brother's case, but he reaped the reward of indefatigable
perseverance. He learned the trade in England, where he
served several years in one of the largest factories in the
city. At that time the way of acquiring proficiency was by
serving a tedious apprenticeship of years, at very low wages.
At the expiration of his apprenticeship he came to the
United States, where he earned from $45 to $55 per week.
He worked for Kenny Bros, three 3'ears, and was superin-
tendent for M. H. Ryders eighteen months. He was then
offered a situation b}'- the two largest firms in the country,
one of which was W. T. Blackwell & Co., and with them he
held a position as superintendent for three years. While
abroad in their interest he was notified in London of a
change in the partnership, and not wishing to travel further
gave up his situation with them. It was on this trip to Eng-
8

118 History of Durham.

land, that he narrowly escaped with his life, being ship-
wrecked on the ill-fated " City of Brussels." January 7th,
1883. Mr. Siegel then made arrangements to go into busi-
ness for himself, which arrangement went into efiect May
.1st, 1883 ; a few months later he was joined by his brother,
Mr. J. M. Siegel. They began with a capacity of 5,000
cigarettes per day, and made their first shipment July 19th,
placing their goods first in Raleigh and Goldsboro. In
October last Mr. David Siegel made a trip, placing a quan-
tity of his goods on consignment in a number of places.
This put them on trial onl}^ but w^hen these very dealers
ordered the goods, and re-ordered them again and again, in
increasing quantities, it proved conclusively that their cig-
arettes were becoming appreciated.

The Siegel Bros, claim to be pioneers in the cigarette bus-
iness in the United States, for very good reasons. Mr. J. M.
Siegel was the 15th cigarette maker in London, and Mr.
David Siegel was the 60th in London and the 4th in the
United States, while there are now in this country from 15,-
000 to 17,000. For eighteen years, they have studied this
trade, and have worked in the largest manufactories in the
world ; hence they are thoroughly conversant with every
method of preparing tobacco, and know how to meet the
requirements of every climate.

The selection of a trade-mark w^as a subject of much
thought, and in deciding upon "Cablegram" they made a
very happy hit. As the fact that there can be such a thing
as a cablegram denotes a triumph in modern science, so in
putting the results of their nearly twenty years' experience
into the manufacture of their "Cablegram Cigarettes," they
claim to offer to the public something exceptionally fine in
qualit3^

Their sales extend over the United States, and espe-
cially in Columbia, Spartanburg and Greenville, S. C;
Augusta, Atlanta, Macon, Columbus and Eufaula, Ga.; Mont-
gomery and Selma, Ala.; Meridian, Miss.; New Orleans, La.;
Galveston, Houston, Austin, Dallas and otherpoints in Texas;
Little Rock, Ark.; Nashville and Knoxville, Tenn., and in
numerous other places. This is a very handsome showing,
and when it is added that within six months from the plac-
ing of their products upon the market, their sales in a single
month exceeded 570.000 cigarettes, their superior qualit3%
and the success of their enterprise are established beyond
controversy.

Durham and Franklinton Railroad. 119

The Durham and Franklinton Railroad.

We hail with profound gratification the project in vogne
for the speed}' construction of a railroad from FrankliiUon
to our city. On the 1st of April, 1884, a large and enthusi-
nstic meeting was held in Franklinton in order to ascertain
the sentiment of the people along the proposed line in re-
gard to the movement, and to take initiatory steps in rela-
tion thereto. The meeting, as we learn from an eye witness,
was largely attended by influential citizens who live on the
route between the two points.

Col. W. F. Green, in an able and exhaustive speech,
pointed out tlie advantages of tapping the R. & G. Road at
Franklinton. After liiss[ieech, Hon. C. B. Green, editor of
the Tobacco Plant, who had been elected chairman ofi
the Durham delegation, spoke at length proving that great
beneficial results would accrue to Franklinton, Durham and
the entire country through which it would pass. This was
followed by speeches from representatives of Franklinton
and Louisburg. Rev. A. Walker, Capt. T. B. Lyon, IJ. A.
Reams and Jno. C. Angier, President of the Durham Woolen
Mills, all spoke. Under a resolution a committee was ap-
pointed to raise funds to make a survey of the route, which
will be done at an early day. The people who have the
money at Franklinton and on the line of the road are thor-
oughly enthused, and everybody knows that when Durham-
itcs put a project on foot they never stop short of success.

The key note has been struck and soon Durham will have
a competing line. From reports received from gentlemen
who visited Franklinton, and from what we know of the
enterprise and liberality of the Durham people, we have no
hesitancy in saying that ^100,000 can be raised in a week's
time.

The delegates who attended the meeting, report a deter-
mination on the part of the citizens of Franklinton, and
those along the line between here and that place, that means
nothing less than success. There was also present a delega-
tion from Louisburg who were looking after the extension
of the road to that point. The impression made upon the
minds of the Durham delegation was that the road to Frank-
linton would be built. We trust that before these lines are

120 History of Durham.

perused by the reader the company will have been organ-
ized, a survey made, and the work of construction com-
menced. Franklinton is as good a point of connection as can
be made. It undoubtedly gives us a competing line and a
decidedly more direct outlet to the northern markets. There
is no necessity for Durham remaining a mere railroad sta-
tion, at the mercy of a monopoly, made to pay the most
extravagant freight rates, when there is an opportunity for
better things.

The New Banner Warehouse.

'Opening Sales — Speeches by His Excellency, Governok
Jarvis, Capt. S. a. Ashe, Hon. C. B. Green and others
— A Gala Day.

As we could not possibly be present at the '''Opening
Sales" of ihis mammoth establishment, being detained at
Raleigh superintending the publication of our book, we
insert the following description of the same, gleaned from
the columns of the News Sc Observer, an ably edited and
leading Democratic paper, published at Raleigh. We regret
that our limited space will not permit us to give a more
•extended notice, but the following will give a tolerably
accurate idea of the auspicious occasion :

On the 8th of May, 1884, Gov. Jarvis, by invitation,
attended the formal opening of the new Banner Tobacco
Warehouse at Durham, of which J. S. Lockhart, Esq., is pro-
prietor. The evening previous he had been the recipient of
a serenade, and in response to calls had made a pleasant
speech to the Durham Light Infantry and a large assemblage.
On Thursday morning a procession formed in front of the ho-
tel and under escort of the Mayor, the Board of Trade and
a large number of citizens, the Governor was conducted to
the Banner Warehouse, where a galaxy of Durham's lovely
ladies had gathered. After delightful music by the Dur-
•ham brass band, Mr. C. B. Green, editor of the Tobacco Plant,

Neu' Banner Warehouse, 121

introduced his Excellency in appropriate terms, alluding
particularly to the interest which Governor Jarvis had ever
exhibited in developing the material resources of the State
and fostering our educational institutions.

Gov. Jarvis acknowledged his obligations for the kind
words of commendation that had been expressed relative to
his action in developing the resources of the State. He had
always felt a pride in doing his duty, and if, as in this in-
stance, good had resulted from his labors, it was still more
gratifying to him. As he looked over the State and saw
the people in every section happy, living in peace and con-
tentment and showing a large measure of prosperity, he
felt grateful that he had been in some degree an instrument
iu accomplishing the result. It was a peculiar pleasure to
see the people of the State enjoying these blessings to such
an unusual extent as the}' do to-day. Casting his eye over
the five hundred miles from the sea to the mountains, sur-
veying her towns and communities, he found nowhere any
people more prosperous, more happy, more to be envied than
the people of the marvellous town of Durham. He spoke
of Durham's growth and expanded business and declared
it to be one of the marked features of development and
progress of our State. He remarked that there were so
many elements combining to make up prosperity that he
would not undertake to discuss them all, but would merely
say that like the system of the healthy man, they must
work in harmony to secure perfect action. Each element
performs its own function. Tliere were two main elements
in societ}' however — labor and capital — each necessary to
the other, each dependent on the other. Separated they
were without avail, together they were irresistible for the
accomplishment of great works. He would never under-
rate those who made the brick or drove the saw or pushed
the plane, the men who had put together those structures
which adorn and ornament this beautiful and prosperous
town. It is the labor of the country that makes its wealth.
It is the business of capital to see that labor is employed
and that it is cared for. And he said " if I was called on to
write in letters of gold any one act that would mark the
prosperity of your town, that has laid deep the founda-
tions of a just connection between labor and capital, to
which your citizens can point with pride, as exhibiting en-
lightenment and prosperity, and calculated to make your

122 History of Durham.

population harmonious and happy, I would write of your
' Graded School,' that noble institution where the children
of the men of Durham can become enlightened, intelligent
and cultivated men and women of North Carolina." He
spoke at considerable length about capital and referred to
its tendency to withdraw and hide itself during a period of
bad laws, or a bad administration of government. jNIoney
is a great coward, he said, and continued : " I am not say-
ing too much when I appeal to you to see that our State,
North Carolina, shall live in the future, as in the past, un-
der good and wholesome laws, well and wisely administered
by good and true men."

He then dwelt upon the relations between the farming
and the mercantile elements of society. Others work, but
they create nothing, merely converting old material into
new forms : but the farmer plants his seed and produces that
which did not before exist. Without this all other employ-
ment would cease. Every interest depended on the agri-
cultural, and though in some communities there was irrita-
tion between the farmers and the merchants, he was sure
that there was none at Durham; that the gentlemen com-
posing the Board of Trade at Durham so well understood the
laws of trade that they would never permit anything to
occur that would afford just ground for complaint. He de-
picted the great progress that has in recent years been made
throughout the >State, and the pride that our citizens now
take in saying that they are North Carolinians. We had
much to be proud of in our history, and still more in the
character of our people and in the greatness of our resources.
In conclusion he referred to the fine exhibits at Atlanta and
at Boston, and he urged the desirability of our making a
splendid display of our State's progress and resources at
Raleigh tliis fall and at the World's Exposition at New Or-
leans. He begged the people of Durham county not to be
behind their sister counties in this matter, but to make a
noble exhibit worthy of their tovrn, worthy of Durham
county and of the State.

The speech was admirably conceived, forcibly delivered
and was received with warm applause and much satisfac-
tion on all sides.

Mr. J. S. Lockhart, the proprietor of the Warehouse
then, in response to repeated calls, made a few pleasant re-
marks, and after music the crowd poured into the capacious
warehouse to witness the sales of tobacco.

New Banner Warehouse. 123

The first lots sold were the samples exhibited at Boston.
Those from Durham county, which cost the Board of Agri-
culture $1.00, were knocked down at $1.30; the samples
from Winston brought $1.26; from Vance county $1.25, and
those from Asheville were knocked down to Gov. Jarvis at
$1.02. The break was large, the tobacco very fine, and the
prices realized were high.

Gov. .Jarvis then visited the splendid Warehouse of Capt.
E. J. Parrish, who has on hand a vast amount of the
weed, much of it of the finest quality. The next point
of interest was tlie Graded School, and, immediately oppo-
site, Duke's cigarette factory, where some 300 operatives are
employed in making the little cigarettes. The Graded School,
under the efticient management of Prof. Kennedy and his
accomplished assistants, is certainly a credit to Durham and
North Carolina. It is a very admirable institution. Short
addresses were made to the pupils by Gov. Jarvis and Capt.
Ashe, and then the party repaired to the Hotel Claiborn for
further treatment under the skilful hands of that most ex-
cellent caterer and hotel manager, Mr. Rutjes. Across the
way towered up Mr. Carr's great factory, the tobacco works
of " Blackwell Durham Tubacco Company," whose huge
proportions exemplify what native ability can do in the
way of accomplishing success, and on the right was the fac-
tory of the Morris & Son Company, where snufTas well as
smoking tobacco is made. But turn where one might, he
would see evidences of thrift, industry and enterprise, and,
as the product of these, he would find evidences of large
fortunes made and of an accumulation of wealth, the like of
which but few other Southern communities of equal size
can boast.

Virginia Home Insurance Company,
' richmoitd, va.

ASSETS, - - - $350,000.

J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agts., Durham, N. C.

Georgia Home Insurance Company;

^^SSiJTS, - - - $750,000.

J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents, Durham, N. C.

124 History of Durham.

jp..^:E^rr xx.

mmmnmRh smmms.

COLONEL D. C. PARKISH.

The subject of this sketch was boru in the couiitj' of Or-
ange, N. C, ]\Iay 28th, A. D. 1807. Died in the city of
Durham July 11th, 1883.

Colonel Parrish was a member of the M. E. Church South,
having been converted and received into that church dur-
ing a revival of religion at Moore's Chapel, Granville county,
in the year 1841. In 1842 he was happily united in mar-
riage to Miss Ruth A. Ward, a most estimable lady, richly
endowed with rare personal and christian graces. To them
were born seven children, six of whom are still living, one
having died in childhood. Perhaps no union was ever
blessed by more refined, exemplary children, who to-day
are among the most cultivated, esteemed and religious fam-
ilies of this community. Among these the sainted father
and grandfather spent his latter years, honored and loved
by all who knew him.

Colonel Parrish was in the highest sense a' type of the
old school of Southern chivalry and hospitality. He was
the soul of honor, of courtly and unobtrusive dignity, of
lofty bearing, suave manners, tender, refined sympathies
and sublime humility; discreet and prudent, yet always
candid. For thirty- four years he was a consistent, zealous
and brave " soldier of the cross, a follower of the Lamb."
For twenty-five or thirty years he faithfully discharged the

Biographical Sketches. 125

responsible and sacred duties of Class-Leader and Steward
in the church, and ma}' truly be called the father of Meth-
odism in Durham. His usefulness was not confined to the
church, although the christian graces which so beautifully
adorned his life, and cast about him an irresistible, indefi-
nable charm, permeated all his dealings with men, both
private and public. He was often placed by his country-
men in positions of public trust and honor. For more than
forty years he was a Justice of the Peace. He was also a
member of the County Court of Orange for many years,
always discharging his public duties in such a manner as to
elicit the admiration and confidence of his fellow-citizens.
Seven times he was elected Mayor of Durham, dying in that
office. The citizens of Durham would have no other when-
ever he could be prevailed upon to serve. This of itself was
a high testimony to his sterling merits. In 1850 he was
nominated for the General Assembl}'', and defeated only,
through a preponderance of anti-temperance feeling, by a
very small majority. He was an ardent, indefatigable worker
in the temperance, as well as every other good cause which
contemplated the moral, material and spiritual welfare of
mankind. He was elected Colonel of .the Militia, before the
war, against influential opposition, which position he held
many years.

Colonel Parrish's public, as well as private character, occu-
pies a bright page in the ephemeris of life, and will be
pointed to with consummate pride and pleasure, as a guid-
ing light in the formation and development of a patriotic,
chivalrous, phiIanthroj->ic and christian character. With
him there was none of the haughtiness so often born of
affluent circumstances. The high and the low, the rich and
the poor, had equal access to considerate and courteous au-
dience. No one in trouble, however humble and obscure,
ever appealed to him in vain. His temporal benefits were
always coupled with spiritual benedictions, and no one ever

126 History op Durham.

lingered in his presence without feeling the elevating influ-
ence of that divine love which burned ablaze in the deepest
precincts of his soul and shone out effulgeatly in all his
words and deeds. Ah how gloriously such a character shines
in these degenerate days of simpering cant and disgusting
hypocrisy ! He left beautiful, imperishable footprints upon
the shores of time. He left not only a noble, lofty character,
for our admiration and emulation, but living evidences and
monuments of his great life's work in the refined characters
and extensive elevating influence of his bereaved widow and
children. In them he still liveth. In them all the noble
traits of his truly amiable character are being exemplified.
In these latter times of skeptici3,m and infidelity, how such
living epistles lift the cause of the Blessed Master toweringly
above the insipid vagaries and puny, stultified cant of such
self-deluded sycophants as Darwin and Ingersoll. How
such lives prove that religion is a vital principle — moral
elixir — in the world to-day. Lot the weak and wavering
consider such lives, bless God and take courage.

In conclusion we cannot refrain quoting the following
from the pen of one of our most gifted divines, the present
pastor of Trinity M. E. Church, so replete and euphonious
with lofty thought and diction. Brother Boone says :

" God gave him tiie desire of his heart even in the matter
of his death. In relating his experience in the social meet-
ings of the church, he vvould often say that if it were God's
will, he would prefer to cease to live when he ceased to
work — and it was so, for his life and his labors ended to-
gether. Like Moses, whose strength was not abated, and
whose eye was not dimmed, when he ascended Mount Nebo's
summit to meet the angelic charioteers and ascend with
them to the mount of God : so with this servant of God,
who had measured more than three score years and ten in
serving his generation b}' the will of God. He sat at the
gate to administer justice and give counsel until the setting

Biographical Sketches. 127

sun threw its mellow light across the bending sky, while
the soft and fleecy clouds, in ample folds of purple and of
gold, bade a sweet good-bye to the departing day, and
threw Uieir lengthening shadows, tinted with the glory of
eventide, as a mantle of royalty upon the shoulders of this
servant of God, as he withdrew from the active duties of
the da}', to the peace and quiet of his home. A fitting
scene for the close of such a life."

On the sad, memorable evening prior to his death, he
remained with his family, the cheer and comfort of all,
until 9 o'clock, when he bade them good night, remarking
that he would retire early, as he was suffering with pains
in his body. After midnight he awoke his wife, complain-
ing of severe pains in his shoulder and body. Dr. A. G.
Carr, his son-in-law, was called and was soon at his bed-
side. All the remedial agencies that could be suggested by
eminent skill and prom{)led by the most sublime devotion
were employed, but his " mansion " had been " prepared "
in the Upper and Better Sanctuary, and the heavenly car-
avan was hovering about his bedside. Jesus was waiting
to fold him to his arms, and neither earthly skill nor affec-
tion could detain the anxious spirit.

The funeral was held from Trinity- M. E. Church, con-
ducted b}' Revs. T. A. Boone and J. J. Renn. Long before
the hour for services the church was filled to. its utmost
capacity. At fifteen minutes to 4 o'clock p. ra., the funeral
procession moved off from the residence of Capt. E. J. Par-
rish, the following gentlemen acting as pall-bearers : Jas.
Southgate, W. Duke, Wm: Lipscomb, T. L. Peay, ^^^ W.
Fuller, Rev. A. Walker, H. A. Reams, C. B. Green, AV. L.
Wall, W. H. Rogers, S. F. Tomlinson and R. F. Webb. The
fujieral sermon was preached by Rev. T. A. Boone, preceded
by Rev. J. J. Renn in a few appropriate and feeling remarks.
After the sermon, which was feelingly delivered and appro-
priate in thought, portraying lucidly the character of that

12S History of Durham.

jTOod and noble man, all that was mortal of our beloved
Ma3''or, christian citizen and true friend was borne to the
cemetery and deposited in a vault to await the resurrection
of the saints. During the funeral services ever}-- business
house in town was closed, and the procession of carriages
was three-quarters of a mile long. No man has ever lived
among us who so entwined the affections of the people
around him as did Col. Parrish. He was a friend to every
body and everybody was his friend. During Wednesday
and Thursday hundreds visited the residence to take a last
look at him. Strong men stood by and, as they looked
upon that noble face, tears trickled down their cheeks, at-
testing an undying affection for him who had been so sud-
denly taken from our midst.

WILLIAM MANGUM.

Messrs. Durham, Angier and Mangum brothers, are the
only surviving original settlers of Durham — the venerable
Pratts, Redmonds and Vickers having passed away. Mr.
William Mangum, the subject of this sketch, was born four
miles from Durham, on the Fish Dam Road, then in the
county of Orange, on the 22d of September, A. D. 1824.
Received only ten months' schooling, but, being richly en-
dowed by nature with a high order of intellectual faculties,
aided by an indomitable and pertinacious energy, soon ac-
quired a fair business education. , In those ten months was
laid in a naturally perspicacious mind, the solid foundation,
of future success. He is of that class of sterling worth,
usually styled self-made men — light-houses along the shores
of life — whose lives and characters never shine with an
uncertain lustre, but are eminently worthy of emulation.
As an evidence of his sterling qualities, he assumed, when
only fifteen years of age, having had the sad misfortune

BlOGRAHlCAL SkETCHTS. 129

to lose his father by death, the responsibility of bri;ig the
chief support and dependence of his affectionate and doting
mother and six brothers and sisters. Though so young
and inexperienced in the care of so weighty a charge, yet
he faithfully and handsomely supported the family until
he was 24 years of age, when other members of the family
became old enough to share his work of love and devotion.
He was married in 1849 to Miss Elizabeth Proctor, of Orange
county, IMoved to Durham in 1857, and erected a work-
shop at the intersection of Maugum street and the N. G.
Railroad. This shop has since been moved to the north
side of the railroad and is now occupied by Mr. Seaman.
This was the first workshop ever erected in Durham, and
is, consequently, one of the oldest buildings in the town. In
1867, he erected another workshop near the Trinity Methodist
church, on the ground now occupied by the new Parrish
Prize House, the land being a portion of the old Pratt es-
tate. Was burned out, for the third time, in 1876, but im-
mediately rebuilt a Blind and Sash Factory, grist and saw
mills and a cotton gin on Green street, in rear of Banner
Warehouse. From these works he is constantly turning
out the very best qualities of work. Has been elected town
commissioner for several terms, and while acting in that
capacity was ever mindful of the best interest of the people.
Furnished material from his own mill and built the first
Methodist Church ever erected in Durham. The cost of
building this church was §650, of which he donated §25,
although not a member. He also built the first Baptist
Church erected after Durham became a Station, taking as
compensation the old Baptist structure, situated at the in-
tersection of Mangum street and the railroad, afterwards
converting said structure into a store and then a residence.
Mr. Maugum is one of those affable and enterprising busi-
ness men who, like such men as Blackwell, Carr, Angier and
Duke, form the bone and sinew of Durham's greatness, and

130 History op Durham.

is loved and venerated by all, as one of the good old fathers
of Durham.

THE FATHER OF DUE HAM.

To undertake a faithful history of Durham, dissevered
from the world-famed name of Blackwell, would be as
unjust and incomplete as to attempt to write a history of
the American Union, the heroic struggles, sacrifices, and
glorious trophies of our forefathers, and exclude that name
of all other names, crowned and embalmed with imperish-
able glor}^ — Washington; a name that fills every true
patriot's heart with sacred pride, love and veneration.

This deservedly popular gentleman was born January
12th, 1S39, near Woodsdale, Person county, N. C, and is
the son of Mr. James L. Blackwell, now a resident of this
city. In his youth he received a common school education.
In the years 1862 and 1863 he taught school in his native
village, He began life as a broker and trader in every de-
scription of merchandise. He early began to devote espe-
cial attention to speculating in plug tobacco, and, purchas-
ing a wagon and team, traveled through the country, in
conjunction with James R. Day, peddling tobacco until the
close of the war. He then, in copartnership with Mr. Day,
opened a jobbing tobacco house in Kinston, continuing his
itinerant trafHc. The principal part of their traffic was in
the tobacco manufactured by J. R. Green, at Durham, then
an obscure water station, whose brand had gained consid-
erable local reputation. It soon became apparent that there
was a greater demand for this tobacco than Mr. Green could
supply, and arrangements were consummated in 1868,
whereby the capacity of the factory was enlarged and
Messrs. Blackwell & Day became partners with Mr. Green.
The business thus received a new impetus and began to
thrive; but Mr. Green, who for some time had been in fail-

Biographical Sketches. 131

ing health, died in 1869, and his interest was purchased
from his heirs by the remaining partners. In 1870, Mr.
Julian S. Carr joined the firm, and since that time Mr.
Blackwell has been senior partner of the celebrated firm of
W. T. Blackwell & Co. He remained, however, sole pro-
prietor of the trade-mark, until his interest was bought by
M. E. McDowell & Co., of Philadelphia. Mr. Blackwell,
as a judge of tobacco, has few equals. While a member of
the firm, he gave exclusive attention to selecting and pur-
chasing the tobacco manufactured by the firm,ever3'' pound
of which passed under his inspection, and his intelligence
and experience as a buyer was an important factor in the
extensive popularity of the Bull Durham Smoking Tobacco.
He was married December 27th, 1877, to Miss Emma Exum,
daughter of W. J. Exum, an extensive planter of Hillsboro
and formerly of Wayne county, N. C.

To W. T. Blackwell mainly belongs the honor of found-
ing the town of Durham through the establishment and
successful conduct of his Tobacco manufacture, and to him
equally belongs the credit and renown of having fostered
and sustained a communitj^ which has grown from a strag-
gling village of 273 persons to a busy town of 5,000 or more
inhabitants. As a benefactor of his kind, as the promoter
of the best and truest interests of the people of Durham
county, W. T. Blackwell deserves even more than has been
conferred by a partiall}' appreciative public. And the uni-
versal popularity of the brand of tobacco established by
him, is a just tribute of homage to one of the most illustrious
representatives of American industries. By assiduous
energy and judiciously applied business sagacity, he has
worked his way up from poverty and obscurity to great
affluence and wealth. He has wrought out for himself a
name and fame which will be handed down with pride
from generation to generation so long as Durham occupies
a place in the annals of history. His philanthropic acts and

132 History of Durham.

aims in protecting the cause of labor, in administering to
and alleviating the wants of the poor has enshrined his
name deep in the hearts of the people. Truly may be ap-
plied to him the famous encomium, " he went about doing
good." An example, potent with the results of enterprising
devotion to business, has been afforded by this worthy cus-
todian of the natural industries of North Carolina, where is
to be obtained adequate supplies of the material, which has
become so indispensable to manufacturers of tobacco, and
which should be the foundation of the wealth and prosperity
of the people. " Honor to whom honor is due " must be
remembered by the good people of the " Old North State,"
and the full meed of praise be rendered to W. T. Blackwell,
the Father of Durham and the friend of the people. A man
who has attained the high and honorable distinction of be-
ing foremost in resuscitating the spirits and hopes of his
race, which were well nigh paralyzed by the late great civil
conflict; who has taught us to extract precious beams of
hope from the darkest clouds of despair; who has demon-
strated to the world the efficacy of close, assiduous vigilance
to all the minutest ramifications of business; who has
strengthened and fortified the foundations of a future posi-
tion in manufactures pregnant with vital interest and im-
portance, should and will receive honorable mention by the
honest historian of the future, and the hearty thanks of the
world. Each great manipulator of material resources, as
pandering to the general cause of industry, should be ac-
credited with a place in the category of the distinguished
and the noble. Within the unchecked flow of the genial
current that animates the heart of W. T. Blackwell is to be
found kindly impulses and that devotion to the cause of
right and truth and justice, which invest with honor and
embellish with distinction. Through him Durham has thus
been given a forward move in the tobacco industry, and the
example has been productive of the inauguration of other

BURROW-GILES LITH CO M>

Biographical Sketches. 133

and prominent establishments. Nowhere on the American
continent is better tobacco [»roduced than in the vicinity of
Durham, and nowhere can its manufacture be more success-
fully conducted, as has been proven by W. T. Black well &
Co., whose reward is written on every building in the town,
and whose namis wiil l)e honored in grateful remembrance
as long as time holds on ilf> tireless flight.

HENRY SEEM AN.

Mr. Henry Seeman moved to Durham in 1874, and en-
gaged in the Coach, Buggy, Carriage and Wagon manufac-
ture. He now occupies the old Baptist Church building,
the oldest house in Durham, having been erected long be-
fore the railroad reached Durham. Messrs. Seeman & Son are
thoroughly competent and skilled workmen, and are turn-
ing out some of the fine.'sL work of the kind we have seen
in the State. In connection with their factory they have a
first-class Blacksmith Shop, where work of unsurpassed
excellence is being executed. By close application to busi-
ness— exercising the most scrupulous care in all its details —
they have earned an enviable reputation in our community
as honorable, industrious and competent workmen. They
well deserve this reputation.

JULIAN SHAKESPEARE CARR.

This gentleman was born on the 12th day of October, A.
D. 1845, at Chapel Hill, Orange county, N. C, and is the
son of John W.Carr, merchant, of that place. He received
his early education at a school in the vicinity of Chapel
Hill, and entered the University of this State in June, 1862,
9

134 History of Durham.

but after nearly two years' study, enlisted in the 3rd N. C.
Cavalry in the early part of 1864. He never lost a single
day's ^uty during the entire period of his service, was a
general favorite among his comrades, and preferred to be
simply a private, in order to be among " the boys," although
he carried in his pocket a detail as an officer on the staff of
General Barringer.

After the war Mr. Carr returned to Chapel Hill and at-
tended the University one session, and in June, 1867, en-
gaged in a general mercantile busine.^s. In 1868 he moved
to Little Rock, Ark,, where he again engaged in business,
but on a larger scale, with his uncle and another gentleman,
under the firm name of Carr & Kingsburg. After residing
eighteen months at Little Rock, his father saw an oppor-
tunity of purchasing a third interest in W. T. Black well's
Tobacco Factory, and being anxious that his son should
settle nearer home, insisted and prevailed upon him to re-
turn. Accordingly in Septemher, 1870, he joined that firm
and has ever since had the entire control of its mercantile
and financial department. He is unquestionably one of
the best financiers and thorough businessmen in this State;
and to his far-sighted and liberal policy may justly be at
tributed the secret of the v/onderful success of his firm. His
bold, lavish but judicious system of advertising has made
the Blackwell's Durham Smoking Tobacco a household
word from Maine to the Gulf and from the Atlantic to the
Pacific slope, and in many foreign countries. Enterprising
and public-spirited, Mr. Carr has encouraged and fostered
everything tending to enhance the prosperity of our city,
and the comfort and best interesis of its citizens.

Mr. Carr is emphatically a man of the people and for the peo-
ple. The humblest and most illiterate man has equal access
to his presence with the wealthiest and most learned, and
he is courteous arnd attentive to all. He is constantly be-
sieged by scores of visitors on all sorts of business — all

Biographical Sketches. • 135

leaving his presence with their various wishes and petitions,
when laudable, favorably considered. The writer has wit-
nessed this incessant stream of visitors for many months,
and has never in all his life seen any one man who had less
time to devote to his own personal or public affairs than
Mr. Carr. And yet, despite of this great burden of daily
care, he keeps fully abreast of all issues and enterprises which
contemplates the manufacturing, agricultural and gen-
eral advancement of the people as a State — aiding and abet-
ting the development and enhancement of her varied and
multifarious industrial, intellectual and ethical resources.
As an evidence of his interest and cooperation in various
public affairs, we meutioil a few of the many honorable
positions he now occupies:

President of Blackwell's Durham Tobacco Company, Dur-
ham, N. C. ; President of the Board of Trustees of the
Methodist Female Seminary, Durham, N. C. ; Vice Presi-
dent of the Cotton Manufacturing Company, Durham, N.
C. ; Vice President of the Durham Woollen and Wooden
Mills, Durham, N. C. ; Vice President of the N. C. State
Exposition Co., Raleigh, N. C. ; member of the Executive
Committee of Board of Trustees of the Slate University;
Chapel Hill, N. C; Trustee of Trinity College, Trinity Col-
lege, N. C; member of the Executive Committee of the Na-
tional Tobacco Association of the United States ; President
Greensboro Female College Association, and a Director of
the Oxford Orphan Asylum.

There are few minds of adequate calibre to grapple with
and do plenary justice by so many and varied enterprises.
As an attestation of the value of his co-operation the list
continues to increase. Generous, considerate and afiFable
to all, no worthy object ever fails to enlist his sympathies,
and no one in misfortune has ever appealed to him in vain.
He is a constant friend, a faithful and devoted husband, an
affectionate father, a zealous, consistant christian, and a

136 History op Durham.

patriotic, exemplary citizen. We know of no man in North
Carolina held in higher esteem, or whom the people would
be more delighted to entrust with any position within their
gift. He was married February 19th, 1873, to one of the
most amiable and accomplished young ladies of Durham,
Nannie Graham, daughter of our late lamented Mayor,
Colonel D. C. Parrish. The writer always finds it a de-
lightful task to delineate the virtues of the truly good and
great. We esteem the proposition that no man is truly
great who is not truly good, a safe foundation upon which
to predicate a just estimate of the intrinsic virtues of any
given character, whether intellectually, morally or politi-
cally considered. A true, manly heart, ever actuated by
refined and elevating sensibilities, ennobling the intellect,
aierving and inspiring the energies of the soul for the con-
.-summation of deeds of love and kindness, constitute the in-
dispensable prerequisite of genuine greatness. Such a char-
acter is "the light of the world," "the salt of the earth," and
"a city that cannot be hid." In the subject of this sketch
-we find these qualities of head and heart pre-eminently
manifested, which, combined with wealth and influence,
renders his life a great blessing in many ways, to the church,
society and the world. His pocket-book as well as his heart
is ever open to worthy objects. His donations to religious
and educational institutions amount to thousands of dollars
annually. The writer has seen something of the inner life
of this gentleman where his virtues as a husband, father and
friend are the crowning glory of his domestic and social
circles. In him are combined — beautifully blended — wealth
of soul with wealth of estate. About " the rich man," as a
rule there is an atmosphere of proud austerity, a lack of
sympathy and the " milk of human kindness " towards the
less favored sons of our common humanity. The " almighty
dollar" is too often the shrine of human worship and pre-
; ferment, while the real treasures of this world are trampled

BURR0K/-G1LES LITH CO. MY

Biographical Sketches. 137

beneath the sacrilegious feet of the " god of mammon."
The writer does not wish to be understood as making an
invidious distinction because of riclies. Nay, veril}' ! There
are many rich men who cheerfully use their wealth for the
glory of God and the promotion of His cause in the world.
But wealth of estate dissevered from wealth of soul is a
great curse. The treasures of earth abused and misapplied
breeds moral upas which poisons and blights the soul. But
here wo find a rich man who recognizes and adequately ap-
preciates the immutable truth that " the earth is the Lord's
and the fulness thereof," and that he is simply His agent.
Our soul delights in the contemplation of such a character
and in holding it up to the youth of our land as eminently
worthy of faithful emulation.

• EUGENE MOREHEAD

Is the son of Governor Morehead, one of North Carolina's
most illustrious Chief Executives. He was born in Greens-
boro, N. C, September 12th, 1845. He was educated at
Chapel Hill, where, in 1868, he graduated with first honors.
In 1874 he was united in marriage to Miss Lothrop, one of
the fairest and most accomplished daughters of Savannah,
Ga., where he remained four years. In October, 1878, he
moved to Durham, taking charge of the United States
Stamp Department. The establishment of this Revenue
branch is due to the efforts of this gentleman, and it has
proved a great convenience and saving to our manufactur-
ers. In December, 1878, Mr. Morehead began the first bank-
ing operations in Durham, as the financial agent of the six
warehouses then in operation. He continued the banking
business alone until Januar}' 1st, 1884, when Gerrard S.
Watts, of Baltimore, Md., was admitted as a partner. Mr.
Morehead is one of the most influential members of the
Presbyterian church in this city, being an elder in said

138 History of Durham.

church. He is one of nature's noblemen, of dignified, courtly
bearing and suave manners — a gentleman, christian and
scholar. As a financier he has no superior and few equals
in the State. As a christian he is a devout and assiduous
worker in the Master's cause, with refined, tender sympa-
thies for, with ever ready hand to help, all worthy objects of
charity. His industry, influence and abilities have consti-
tuted no small concomitants, in the moral, educational and
material advancement of Durham. The many positions of
trust and honor which he holds attest his intrinsic worth.
He is Chairman of the Board of Education and Learning,
Director of the Durham Woolen Mill ; also one of the Direc-
tors of the A. & N. C. and the C. F. & Y. V. Railroads, Vice-
President of the Durham Fertilizer Co., President of the
Watts Coal, Coke and Iron Company of Alabama, and Chair-
man of the Board of the County Commissioners of Durham.

JAMES SOUTHGATE,

A prominent citizen of Durham, and well known Southern
Underwriter, was born in Gloucester county, Virginia, of
English parentage, 1832. Entering the University of Vir-
ginia in 1850, he took a classical and mathematical course
of study in view of becoming a teacher. Having acquitted
himself with honor, in 1853 he opened a military school in
the city of Norfolk, styled the "Norfolk Male Institute."
Under his able management the institution enjoyed an
abundant prosperity, which increased with the years. War
was the signal of its downfall.

For nearly twenty years the subject of this sketch was
identified with the educational interests of Virginia and
North Carolina. As an instructor, he was dignified and
firm, always commanding the highest respect of his pupils.
His profession proving unprofitable after the war, in 1872
he began the Insurance business, a profession which is fast
growing in the estimation of capitalists and the people. The

:^^f«- %'a-.

9URRQW-SILES LITH CO MV

Biographical Sketches. 139

once prevalent objectiftns to it, based upon religious prin-
ciples, have been almost totally obliterated b}' facts, figures
and results; so that, to-day, the science of Underwriters
stands high among the vast enterprises of our country, af-
fording a wide field for the employment of capital and brain.
At that time Durham was young, yet the eye of the obser-
vant could see that where such energy as characterized her
people existed, prosperity would follow in its wake.

Mr. Soutbgate did not become a citizen of Durham until
1876, although many of her people were numbered among
his best friends and patrons. He was soon recognized as
the Insurance man of the town, and the business of his
agency has increased until in point of premium receipts it
occupies a position second to none in the State. He repre-
sents twenty-five of the thirty Fire Insurance Companies
located in North Carolina, and his business extends over
several counties. Having mastered the principles of Un-
derwriting, he industriously applies them, and we do not
know a community which is better educated to the impor-
tance of Insurance in all its phases than Durham and vi-
cinity. He maintains the confidence of his companies and
patrons by his recognized ability, strict integrity and uni-
form courtesy.

JOHN R. GREEN.

This gentleman is the originator and founder of the brands
" Genuine Durham " and "Genuine Bull Durham " Smok-
ing Tobacco. Mr. Green moved to Durham Station in 1860,
where he continued to reside until his death, which occurred
in 1869. Daring the late war he purchased of Morris &
Wright a small tobacco factory located south of the railroad
on the site now occupied by the mammoth Tobacco Works
of Blackwell's Durham Tobacco Compan}', and commenced
the manufacture of the celebrated brand of " Genuine Dur-

140 History of Durham.

ham Smoking Tobacco," and selected as a trade-mark the
world-famed " Durham Bull." Morris & Wright had been
manuiacturing, in a small way, an article which they stj^led
" Best Spanish Flavored Smoking Tobacco." But the word
" Durham " as a distinctive feature, or brand, in connection
with smoking tobacco, was first used by Mr. Green, and
subsequently, by right of purchase, passed into the hands
of W. T. Blackwell & Co., together with the sole and exclu-
sive right to the trade-mark — " Durham Bull." This tobacco
was made famous through the advent of Sherman's army,
a detailed account of which is given in Chapter I. In 1865
very little leaf came to Durham, and Mr. Green was com-
pelled to seek the principal portion of his supplies from
other markets. Being a man of indomitable energy, rare
intellectual endowments and business tact, his manufacture
and sales soon assumed huge proportions and continued to
increase until 1868, when, his health failing, and being un-
able to give the business his personal supervision, Col. W.
T. Blackwell and Mr. J. R. Day, were admitted as partners
But a broad and deep foundation had been laid for Durham's
future greatness. In the selection of Mr. Blackwell he dis-
played, as has since been demonstrated in a remarkable
degree, sound business sagacity and forethought. The bur-
den of management soon devolved almost entirely upon
Mr. Blackwell, who proved himself eminently capable and
worthy in every sense of conducting the then infant enterprise
to a success surpassing anything in the annals of the history
of Tobacco in this or any other country. The little one-
story wood factory of '65 has grown and expanded until
to-day it is the largest and best equipped Smoking Tobacco
Factory in the world, and the excellencies of its products
have rendered the names of Green, Blackwell and Carr
household words in every nich and corner of the earth where
the weed is used. [As a tribute to the merits of these men,
we would respectfully suggest the following design : A

Biographical Sketches. 141

mounted Car(r), painted Green, with the picture of a Black-
well, and a bull in a drinking posture, in the centre, encircled
by the words : " The Genuine BlackwelTs (the word ' Black '
on one side of the well and the word ' Well's ' on the other)
Durham Smoking Tobacco."] Soon the hectic flush upon
Mr. Green's cheek grew sadly deeper, his elastic step became
weaker and weaker, and his many friends saw with sorrow
that the fell-destroyer — consumption — had marked him for
an early victim. Resuscitation was sought at the most cele-
brated watering places, but in vain, and in the summer of
1869 he quietly passed away. Mr. Green always maintained
an abiding faith that Durham would one day be a great and
prosperous city, but he did not live long enough to see his
cherished convictions and wishes verified. But the effect
of his labors and wisdom are to day permeating all the rami-
fications of business. The influence of the enterprise started
by him is a concomitant element of success in all the varied
industrial pursuits of the city. He sleeps in peace, but his
works live after him.

THOMAS D. JONES.

The subject of this sketch was born in Pittsylvania county,
about ten miles west of Danville, Va., on the 19th day of
October, 1852. Educated in Virginia. His father, Decatur
Jones, was a manufacturer of tobacco at Danville, hence he
has been directly and indirectly connected with the tobacco
business all of his life, and has acquired an experience and
knowledge in the various aspects of the tobacco trade, rarely
equalled and perhaps unsurpassed. Worked in his father's
factory a considerable portion of his youth, and manufac-
tured plug tobacco for himself in Danville from 1867 to
1S77, speculating at the same time in fine leaf tobacco.
Moved to Durham in the year 1S81, and engaged in the fine
wrapper trade. At that time the wrapper trade of Durham

142 History of Durham,

was quite meagre. In the latter part of 1881 be entered
into copartnership with W. A. Lea in the warehouse busi-
ness. Mr. Jones has unquestionably done more towards
building up the fine tobacco trade of Durham than any
other man engaged in the business. Through his sapient
manipulations and influence, much of the leaf trade of the
border counties of the State, which had for years centred at
Danville, was diverted to the Durham market, and much of
this came from his old friends and customers, who, perhaps,
might never have sought this market if Mr. Jones had con-
tinued his business at Danville. Of course these brought
their friends, and all receiving such hospitable treatment
and good prices, continued to cling to this market. Mr.
Jones continued one year in the warehouse business, mak-
ing friends everywhere b}' his courteous and honorable
dealing. He is one of those well-bred, polished gentlemen
of the old scliool of proverbial Southern hospitality and
chivalry. Warm-hearted and generous to a fault, in him
the poor and unfortunate of this world always find a sym-
pathetic friend, adviser and helper. No worthy object of
charity turns empty-handed from his door. Investing largely
in real estate here, and being one of the most important
factors in the building up of our cit}'', it is generally hoped
that Mr. Jones will make Durham his permanent home. In
IMay, 1884, Mr. Jones was elected one of the Town Commis-
sioners of Durham by a very flattering vote.

C. B. GREEN.

The name of this gentleman will be handed down to
future generations as one who has contributed largely to
the material and intellectual advancement of Durham. He
moved to Durham in 1867, then a boy only 11 years of
age. In 1870 he established a job printing ofiice and was
the first person to " stick " a type in Durham. In January,
1882, he established Tlie Durham lobacco Plant, and since
that time its columns have been earnestly and honestly de-

Biographical Sketches. 143

voted to the political, material, moral and educational inter-
ests of the people of Durham and surrounding country.
Great good has been accomplished through the medium of
this abl}- edited journal. In 1874 he was elected a County
Commissioner by the people of Orange, and acquitted him-
self in this position with great credit. In 18S0 he was
almost unanimously nominated by the Orange County Dem-
ocratic Convention as a candidate for a seat in the House of
Representatives. He was opposed by Hon. Josiah Turner,
one of the shrewdest canvassers in the State, and who, two
years previous, had defeated one of tiie best men in the
county by SOO majorit}'. The contest was a very stirring
and interesting one, but young Green proved himself a
match for Mr. Turner, and came out with a handsome ma-
jority. He took his seat in the General Assembly at the
session of 188], and from that time on worked faithfully
for Durham and his county. The bill introduced by hin)
providing for the formation of the county of Durham was
confronted by a most determined and vehement opposition,
every inch of ground being hotly contested, but Mr. Green
fought manfully and successfully for the new count}', and
the bill became a law. While his time was largely devoted
to the material, he did not forget the educational interests
of Durham. In the latter part of the session, he intro-
duced a bill providing for the establishment of a graded
school in Durham, whicii also became a law. Under the
provisions of this bill the school was soon established, and
is now one of the permanent institutions of Durham, which
is pointed out with pride and pleasure. Mr. Julian S. Carr
has made the school a present of a $3,000 site, and a fine
building will soon be erected, and adequately furnished with
all necessary appliances. Mr. Green not only advocated in
the Legislature the establishment of this school, but his
paper did faithful and eflBcient service in moulding popular
sentiment in favor of it. But his w^ork for the people is not

144 History of Durham.

yet accomplished. He is still young and there is a bright
field of usefulness before him. In ]SS3-'S4:,he was a member
of the Board of County Commissioners and of the Durham
Board of Education and Learning. His paper is Democratic
to the core, and an useful organ in that party.

EDWARD J. PARRISH.

This gentleman, the leading warehouseman of North
Carolina, was born in the county of Orange, fourteen miles
from Durham, on the 20th of October, A. D. 1846. Is a
son of the late lamented Mayor of Durham, Col. D. C. Par-
rish, whose death a few months ago cast a profound gloom
and sadness throughout the entire community. Attended
school at Round Hill, Knap of Reeds, South Lowell and
Cedar Grove, and when prepared for college, entered the
Sophomore Class at Trinity, under the late Dr. B. Craven,
but owing to the enforcement of the " Reserve Act,"
passed by the Confederate Congress, was not permitted
to remain. Leaving college, he went to Raleigh and ac-
cepted the position of Mailing Clerk on the Spirit ofiheAge^
(newspaper) which was subsequently merged into The Con-
servative, the organ of the State Administration, when he
was tendered and accepted the position of book-keeper. In
this position it was thought he would be exempt from mili-
tary duty. This position failing to secure the desired relief,
through the influence of the many friends he had won
while in Raleigh, he was offered, and accepted, a position in
the Roll of Honor Office, under Major James H. Foote. He
entertained strong aversion to taking up arms against the
old flag, under which his father, as Colonel, had so often
drilled. Having arrived at the age of 18, however, he was
placed in the dilemma of either entering the service or de-
serting his people. He did not hesitate long, his State pride
and love of home and the " boys in gray " — the cherished

0^/yr^ t/yz^c^

/ik^co^2^

B'JKKOft-OlLES UTH CO NV

Biographical Sketches. 145

playmates of yore, counterbalanced if not entirely obliter-
ated bis prejudices, and be enlisted, being assigned lo ibe
4tb N. C. Calvary, where, as in all other positions, he dis-
charged his duty with strict fidelity, as many old comrades
cheerfully testify. At the close of the war, he came home,
finding all his father's property devastated. Accepting the
situation iCf good faith, he immediately took hold of the
plow handles, and, as it were, began life anew. After tilling
the soil for some time, he concluded to embark in some other
enterprise. Accordingly he sought and obtained a situation
in Raleigh as salesman in one of the leading dry goods
stores. Possessing keen business sagacity, coupled with
indomitable will and energy, he was soon recognized as one
of the best salesmen in the city. His native courtesy and
gentlemanly bearing soon enlisted around him man}' warm
friends who, feeling interested in his advancement, secured
for him a position under the government, and he at once
entered upon the discharge of the duties pertaining thereto,
proving himself faithful and eminently worthy of all trusts
imposed upon him. He early manifested extraordinary
talents as a business man and financier. While in the ser-
vice of the government, he married, October 5th, 1870, Miss
Rosa, youngest daughter of Capt. E. Bryan Haywood, of
Chatham county. In January, 1871, he resigned his posi-
tion under the government and moved to Durham, and
opened a grocery and confectionery store. Durham at that
time being but a small railroad station, he did very little
business. In May, 1871, he accepted the position of auc-
tioneer in the first tobacco warehouse opened in Durham,
under Mr. Henry A. Reams, proprietor. The sales, occur-
ring then only about twice a week, did not interfere much
with his store. He continued with Mr. Reams until 1873 ,
when the Farmer's Warehouse was completed and opened
by himself and Mr. J. E. Lyon, under the name and style
of Parrish & Lyon. He continued business with Mr. Lyon

146 History of Durham.

until the panic of 1873, when the warehouse was closed,
the firm losing about all they had made since the opening
of the house. When operations were again resumed, Mr.
Lyon concluded to withdraw, and Mr. Parrish became sole
proprietor, and despite of all opposition soon built up a
lucrative trade and a name which commands respect and
confidence in ever}' important tobacco market i-n America.
In 1876 the Old Durham Warehouse — the first warehouse
built — was rented at auction for a term of three years, and
was bid off by Mr. Parrish at the enormous sum of S2,000
per annum. During these years he pushed onward with
great vigor and deserved success, and with the continued
growth of the town, esteemed it prudent to select a more
suitable location for his business; hence the establishment
of the imposing and'commodious brick Warehouse where
he is at present doing business as the recognized leading
warehouseman of North Carolina. The building was com-
pleted, and the opening sale occurred August 29th, 1879.
This was one of the most important occasions in the history
of the town — giving Durham a new and powerful impetus
on the highway of prosperity and commercial importance
as a tobacco market. About 80,000 pounds of tobacco were
sold by this warehouse on that auspicious day, Mr. Parrish
paying out to planters the aggregate sum of $15,000, and
the happpy fortune and favorable impressions then engen-
dered have never deserted the house. On April 1st, 1880,
Mr. J. W. Blackwell was admitted as a partner in the busi-
ness, which was conducted under the name and style of
Parrish & Blackwell until the 1st of January, 1884, when
Mr. Parrish bought out Mr. Blackwell's interest, paying for
the same the sum of eighty thousand dollars cash. In 1881
the firm built a large three-story brick Prize House, 44x120
feet, and since the purchase of Mr. Blackwell's interest Mr.
Parrish has found it necessary to erect another large Prize
House 50x120 feet, thus giving him a combined Prize House
area of 39,840 feet, which, with his warehouse 56x225 and

Biographical Sketches. 147

basement same size, gives bim larger and better facilities
for operating bis immense tobacco trade than is possessed
by any other warehouseman in the State, and the many
advantages which he possesses are all utilized, not only for
the advancement of Durham, as a tobacco mart, but also to
promote the bfst interests of the planters who seek this mar-
ket from all directions — many coming even from within a
few miles of other markets. Superior prices and accommo-
dations are certainly augmenting the tobacco trade of the
tcAv'n, building up other M'arehouses and other interests.

Mr. Parrish is, and has ever been considered, one of our
most enterprising and reliable business men, and is very
popular among all classes. Courteous, affable and enter-
taining,— unassuming, yet possessing a native and prepos-
sessing dignity and grace of bearing and manner, which
draws about him — for advice, encouragement and assis-
tance— all classes of our citizens from the most learned and
affluent to the most illiterate and humble. Full of the love
of the blessed Master, and seeking to emulate His example,
he is ever "going abuut doing good," mingling with ivords
of kindness, deeds of charity and philanthropy. No worthv
object of charity is ever turned empty-handed from his door.
The young man, struggling to rise in the world ever finds
in him a warm friend and^helping hand. Of strong, tena-
cious attachments, nothing can shake bis friendship for a
man or cause, which is straightforward and honorable.
Wherever he can discover a yearning and a purpose to do
right, he is ever ready to throw the mantle of charity over
the faults and mistakes of his neighbor — never deserting a
ship as long as there is the least glimmer of hope, and until
after every means has been exhausted for her safe moorage.
Such a man is a great blessing to any community. He is
a chip of the old block — a worthy son of a noble sire.

He has acted in many public positions, as Trustee, Com-
missioner, Mayor, &c., and has been tendered the senatorial

148 History of Durham.

nomination of this district by the Democratic party, of which
he is a faithful and useful member. He is now Captain of
the Durham Light Infantry, having been elected to that
position before he became a member. Having always served,
in the various public positions he has filled, with great effi-
cienc}^ and acceptability, there is no position within the gift
of the people to which he might not attain if he choose.
But he is devoted to his warehouse business and pleasantly
rejects all overtures.

J. B. WHITAKER, JR.

Born in Goldsboro, N. C, September 3d, 1851. The war
occurring when he was but ten years of age, interfered with
his education. Entered the printing office of his father, J.
B, Whitaker, Sr., and early manifested fitness for this avo-
cation. Soon became a swift compositor, and was acknowl-
edged one of the fastest composers of type in the State.
Indeed, when about 15 years of age he publicly issued a
challenge for a contest with any printer in the State, not
over 18 3^ears of age, and this challenge was never accepted.
At 19 years of age he was employed as a journeyman on
the Wilmington Daily Journal, published by Engelhard &
Price, and soon won the distinction of being the swiftest
compositor in that office. When a youth he published a
humorous paper, which had quite a run. Has occupied the
positions of local reporter of Goldsboro News and local editor
of the Goldsboro Messenger. At one time he was owner and
editor of an advertising sheet, called the Weekly Advertiser.
Was married April 25th, 1871, to Miss Sallie A. Jones, of
Goldsboro. Mr. Whitaker held in Goldsboro the positions
of Assistant-Postmaster and Town Clerk, although a Demo-
crat. A very high compliment, attesting his merits, as in
this case politics were ignored, and Republicans voted for
him from higher motives than those which usually actuate

Biographical Sketches. 149

the average voter. In these positions he acquitted himself
with credit to himself and acceptability to his constituents.
Moved to Durham in Februar}-, 1877, to take charge of the
job printing ofiice of Blackwell's Durham Tobacco Co.
Held that position until June, 1879, when he purchased the
job printing office of D. W. Whitaker, and built up a suc-
cessful business. His oflSce was almost entirely destroyed
by the great fire of 1880. But he immediately purchased
a new outfit, and now has a well equipped job office, and is
doing a good business. It is generall}' conceded that his
bronze printing stands in the front rank of excellence. His
work generally far surpasses that of any other printing
done in Durham. Was a delegate to the only two Demo-
cratic County Conventions held since the formation of Dur-
ham county. Was also a delegate to the last Congressional
Convention. He took an active part, (as he does in all
other high and commendable movements) in the late pro-
hibition campaign, which cause was defeated only by an
amalgamated combination of Republicans, Liberals and
anti-prohibitionists. This cause, though snowed under for the
time being, must — because it is just, humane and holy —
sooner or later triumph. The education of public senti-
ment may seem slow and tedious, but we thank God that
it is sure. Ever}' convert is a convert for time and eternity —
because each conversion is superinduced by, and predicated
upon, pure and lofty principles of humanity, morality and
religion. But we are somewhat diverging. Mr. Whitaker,
be it said to his everlasting honor, was an enthusiastic coad-
jutor in the temperance movement, and if he should have
no other, it will be a noble heritage to leave his children.
But he will leave them a life whose acts and aims bear the
impress of lofty motives — unselfishness and unswerving
devotion to the best interests of his fellowmen. In what-
ever position he has been called to act, whether social, polit-
ical or religious, he has kept an eye single to the glory of
10

150 History of Durham.

God and the elevation of man. His is a character the
writer delights to contemplate and hold up for emulation.
He was among the foremost leaders in the Graded School
movement in its darkest daj^s, when it seemed an almost
forlorn hope. And as an cxpresssion of the appreciation
entertained for his untiring zeal in this cause, he was elected
a member of the Durham Board of Education and Learn-
ing in 1882 for one year, and re-elected in 1883 for two
years, and he has been Secretary of the Board ever since its
organization — the only member who has been present at
every meeting. Was a Trustee of the Methodist Female
Seminary, which position he resigned and accepted his
present position on the Board of Education and Learning.

WASHINGTON DUKE.

The subject of this sketch is one of the representative
men of the New South, commencing business in a small
16x16 log house, located in the vicinity of Durham, he has,
by honest industry and sapient management, established
one of the largest manufacturing industries of the South,
and his name has become a household word wherever the
silvery smoke of the fragrant weed floats upon the breezes
of commerce.

Mr. Duke was born in that part of Orange now forming
the western portion of Durham county, on the 20th day of
December, A. D. 1820. Received only eight months' school-
ing, graduating with high distinction at the — Plow Han-
dles, an institution which is the bone and sinew of our
great republican nationality ; an institution upon which
the perpetuity of our greatness as a people is based, and
from which our greatest men have come to bless the world
and leave behind them a halo of imperishable glory. Pos-
sessing fine mental qualities, coupled with a pertinacious
energy, Mr. Duke soon acquired a fair business education

^P-r^

gj^pc-.-s .£S •. •- :; <v

Biographical Sketches. 151

and a vast amount of general information. He followed
farming pursuits until 1863, when he entered the Confed-
erate Navy and was stationed at Charleston, S. C. Left
Charleston in September, 1864, and took charge of the bat-
teries at Battery Brook, two miles below Drury's Bluff, in
Virginia, and is said to have been one of the most expert
managers of artillery in the Confederate service. Distin-
guished himself in the heavy bombardments at James
Island, Charleston, S. C, and frequently at Battery Brook,
where he was promoted to the rank of Orderly Sergeant.
Captured at Appomattox in 1865, and lodged in Castle Thun-
der, where he remained two weeks, when he was removed
to New Berne, N. C, and paroled. From New Berne he
walked home — a distance of 134 miles, and, accepting the
situation in good faith, applied himself once more to tilling
the soil.

Prior to his enlistment in the Confederate service, Mr.
Duke wisely converted all the means he had earned by
years of honest industry into tobacco, rented out his farm,
receiving his rent in tobacco, his object being to have a
large supply of tobacco on hand when the war closed. He
anticipated that after the war tobacco would be the great
leading staple of commerce in this section. The large
quantity he had stored away, however, was pressed into ser-
vice by the armies of Johnson and Sherman, and thus dis-
tributed all over the Union, and what was then considered
a great calamity by Mr. Duke and others who lost tobacco,
proved ultimately to be a great blessing. So when he ar-
rived at home from the war he found his accumulations
" scattered to the four winds " — everything swept away ex-
cept his little farm. But with an undaunted spirit and in-
defatigable energy, he applied himself to the building up
of his devastated fortune. His great success is due mainly
to economy — living always within his means — industrj%
and wise, prudential management. He commenced the

152 HistORY OF Durham,

manufacture of and traffic in tobacco in the latter part of
1865, on his farm near Durham, alternately manufacturing
and peddling his own goods, working upon a strictly cash
basis. The only cash he had to begin with was a silver fifty
-cent piece, given to him by a Yankee in exchange for a
Confederate -$5 note. This was the nucleus of W. Duke
Sons & Co.'s gigantic tobacco manufacturing enterprise at
Durham. Never employing extraneous capital, he always
■conducted his business within the limits of the revenue
accruing therefrom — a wise, prudential, business principle.

The little 16x16 log factory on the farm soon became too
small. His business increased so rapidly that in 1872 he
moved to Durham and erected a three-story wood factory,
40x70 feet, on the north side of the N. C. Railroad. This he
supposed would be amply sufficient to meet all the future
demands of his business. But the demand for his goods
continued to increase with such great rapidity that enlarged
facilities became indispensable. Several other buildings
were soon erected, giving him a combined floorage area of
65,240 feet. And yet this immense floorage capacity is in-
adequate, and he proposes, and is making arrangements for
the erection of a four-story brick factory, which will be
completed by the 1st of July. This new building will have
a floorage capacity of 40,000 feet — making a grand total
floorage area of 105,240 feet.

Mr. Duke was a Justice of the Peace for several years
during the reconstruction era, discharging the duties of
that position with marked ability and impartiality. Was
a member of the first Board of Commissioners for Durham
county, and always discharged his duties with strict adher-
ence to the best interests of the people. He is one of the
most liberal and charitable men among us. His contribu-
tions to benevolent purposes run up into the thousands an-
nually, and he is one of our most highly esteemed citizens.
jHe was nominated for the office of State Treasurer at the

Biographical Sketches. 153

Republican Convention held at Raleigh in May, 1884. Mr.
Duke has always been a quiet man in politics, but always
voted with the Republican party. Should he be elected, he
would be a safe man to handle the State funds.

HENRY A. REAMS.

The subject of this sketch is so intimately connected with
the rise, progress and development of Durham as a great
tobacco market, that any history of the town, failing to give
him honorable mention, would be grossly unjust, incom-
plete and utterly unworthy of public favor. To him justly
belongs the distinction of being the pioneer warehouseman
of Durham. He was born in Granville county on the 13th
da}' of March, 1842 — a son of John P. Reams, Esq., a man-
ufacturer of tobacco for thirty-seven years. Mr. H. A. Reams,
therefore, was trained from infancy to manhood in the to-
bacco business, and what he does not know about tobacco is
hardly w^orth learning. His father gave him a fair English
education. He commenced the manufacture of tobacco for
himself when only eighteen years of age. Was married
January 14th, 1863, to Miss Bettie Allen, daughter of
Nicholas W. Allen, Esq., of Person county. He continued
in the manufacturing business until 1869, during which
year his factory was barned.

On the 18th of May, 1871, he opened a warehouse in Dur-
ham for the sale of leaf tobacco, and sold on that day the
first leaf tobacco ever sold at auction in Durham. During
the year 1871 he sold about 700,000 pounds of tobacco, and
with untiring energy and self-sacrifice, he continued to en-
large his business until his sales amounted to between four
and five million pounds per annum. No one worked more
assiduously, or deserves more credit, than Mr. Reams, for
the establishment of the tobacco market of Durham. It was
in its infancy, and therefore a time when hard work and

154 History of Durham.

not a little sacrifice were necessary, and it may be truly said
to his honor that Mr. Reams manfully bore the " heat and
burden of the day." In many instances when buyers had
purchased all the tobacco they wished, and yet a large sur-
plus remained unsold, he would urge them to bid on at full
market price — often even more than other markets were
paying, in order to build up our market, and encourage
planters to bring their tobacco to Durham — having said
surplus, when the sales were closed, charged to himself. In
this way he lost a great deal of money, as he would often be
compelled to sell the same tobacco for less than he paid.
And all this sacrifice he cheerfully bore for no other purpose
than to establish this great Central Belt Market which
stands to-day, second t(^ none in the State, and one of the
leading tobacco marts of the United States. Truly this is a
most striking manifestation of self-abnegation, and worthy
of unfeigned praise and emulation. For eight years from
the time he opened his warehouse, there were no banking
facilities in Durham, and he had to transact his banking
business in Raleigh, a distance of twenty-seven miles.

He is now engaged in the leaf trade, dealing only in the
best of N. C. Brights, is doing a very large business, and
assuredly has earned and justly deserves an abundant suc-
cess.

BARTHOLOMEW FULLER.

This noble son of North Carolina was born in the town of
Fayetteville. He graduated at the State University at
Chapel Hill about the year 1850 or 1851, with the highest
honors, and was a classmate of Judge Manning, now Pro-
fessor of Law at that institution, and also of Judge Samuel
Holmes, of California.

After his return from the University he commenced the
study of law, under the direction of Hon. Warren Winslow,
of Fayetteville, who for some time represented that district

Biographical Sketches. 155

in Congress, and was for a short time Governor of the State.
After practicing law for some years in Fayetteville, Mr.
Fuller accepted a position tendered him, through Mr. Wins-
low's influence, in Washington City, as Fifth Auditor in the
Treasury Department, which position he filled until the
breaking out of the war in 18G1, when he resigned and cast
his lot with his native State. After the close of the war he
resumed the practice of law in connection with his brother
Col. Thomas C. Fuller, now of Raleigh, and continued with
him for some years, but subsequently removed to Durham,
where he spent the remainder of his days. Mr. Fuller was
an eminently good and true man ; for many years an active
Ruling Elder in the Presbyterian church; a man of calm, quiet
and rather retiriug disposition ; exceedingly amiable and
genial in his nature; of striking personal appearance, and
possessing a large amount of native dignity — a man to whom
everyone felt drawn, whom every one honored and respected.
One of the best of scholars, a man of broad reading and
rich culture, with a clear and sound judgment, he seemed
capable of filling any position, and his death was a sad
loss to the city and indeed to the State. He died at his resi-
dence in Durham, on the 2Sth of November, 1882, after a
a sickness of several months.

J. S. LOCKHART.

This is one of the most energetic, affable and deservedly
popular warehousemen known in Tobacco circles, as well as
one of the leading business men of Durham, and one of its
first settlers. He came to this city just after the close of the
late civil war, with limited means, and commenced the
manufacture of smoking tobacco. But finding that he
could not successfully compete with the Bull and other es--
tablished brands, which had acquired universal popularity,
he judiciously identified himself with the Leaf and Fertil-

156 History of Durham.

izer business. He also opened a warehouse. His success
in this branch of the trade has been truly remarkable. He
has just completed one of the largest warehouses in the
State, and judging from his past success, if he is not soon,
the leading warehouseman, he will at least have no superior.
By his unimpeachable business integrity and sagacity, to-
gether with his high-toned, moral and religious life, he has
succeeded in winning for himself a handsome estate and
the respect and esteem of all who know him. He is thor-
oughly identified with our bright tobaccos, and has done
much toward introducing them to the notice of tobacco
dealers generally. His building is erected with special ref-
erence to the preservation of the different qualities of the
special tobaccos he handles. On the daj' of the opening
sale of the new Banner Warehouse, Mr. Lockhart sold 63,-
276 pounds of tobacco for $16,115.23, making an average of
$25.46 for everything in the house. It was by far the biggest
sale that ever took place in Durham at any one house.

WEBB & KRAMER

Are among the largest buyers on the Durham market.
For strict business integrity and honest dealings, they have
secured the confidence of a large number of manufacturers
and buy largely on order.

Col. Webb, the senior member of the firm, was born in
Baltimore. Moved to North Carolina in 1875. When quite
a youth, he volunteered in the Mexican war as a private ;
was promoted to a Lieutenancy, and honorably discharged
at the close of the war. At the breaking out of the war be-
tween the States, he organized a company and joined the
celebrated Fisher Regiment. He was rapidly promoted
until he became its Colonel. He commanded his Regiment
in fourteen severe battles. He was severely wounded at An-
tietam, and was finally captured at Rappahannock Bridge.

Biographical Sketches. 157

He lingered the balance of the war in prison. In 1865 he
was elected to the Legislature from Orange, and introduced
the first bill in that body to incorporate the then little vil-
lage of Durham Mr. Webb is iji the prime of life, and as a
buyer of the leaf is still a bo}' among the bo3's.

Mr. Albert Kramer, the junior member of the firm, was
born in Raleigh. He is a young man of fine business train-
ing. He has traveled extensively in Europe, where he
completed his business studies. He has acquired a thor-
ough knowledge of the tobacco business, and as a dealer
has few superiors

New Machinery, Skillful Workmen.

Wilkerson, Christian & Co.,

DURHAM, N. C,

HAVE FITTED OUT A FIRST CLASS

SASH, DOOR AND BLIITD FACTORY,

And are prepared to execute, on short notice, every style
of work in their line, such as

Sash, Doors and Blinds,

FOR INSIDP: AND OUT.

MIOUL.DING^S,

AND

All Kinds of Scroll Work.

Also LUMBER— Dried and Dressed on Short Notice.

158 History of Durham.

iF'-^izeT III

The TebacGQ Interests ef Rorth Gareliria.

CHAPTER I.

Map OF Yellow Tobacco Belt — Early History — Modern
Progress — Area of Tobacco — Mode of Conducting
Trade — Culture and Curing— Grades, Prices, Soil,
Analyses, Etc

Prior to the discovery of America, liistoiy nowhere inti-
mates the use or existence of such a weed as Tobacco. It is
therefore fair to conclude tljat it is purely an American
plant. Its almost universal adoption by mankind, as soon
as its merits were ascertained, is a conclusive evidence that
it had not been known — as tobacco — anywhere in the civil-
ized world. It was first discovered by the followers of
Columbus about the year 1492 or '93. The Aborigines
were found smoking and chewing the fragrant weed Tlie
name of this plant, according to the best authority, is de-
rived from the Island of Tobago, one of the West Indies,
where it was cultivated. It was first discovered in use
among the natives of Cuba, and was first cultivated by the
colonists in Virginia about the year 1614. King James
wrote and published a book violently opposing its use; but
notwithstanding this high and royal opposition, it soon
became, and still continues, an important factor in the com-
merce of the world. It was first introduced in England in
1573, through samples brought by Sir Francis Drake. It
is claimed that Sir Walter Raleigh not only practiced but
encouraged its use. It soon became very popular, insomuch
that not even the opposition of the English potentate could
impede its rapid introduction and use.

THB YEIil®W TOBACC©

tTIi ICAMI

Prepared by the Editor of the State Chronicle, with great care, and may be relied upon as accurate

This map shows the Yellow Tobacco-Belt of North Carolina. The counties that have the heaviest black lines lor their boundaries, sueli as ( iranville, Vance, Runcombe, etc., are those which produce the most tobacco; the less
heavy parallel light lines, are those which produce less, and so on. The connlies with dotted lines about them, such as Kdgeoombe, Moore, Montgomery, etc., are those which contain good tobacco lands on which, however,
tobacco has not yet been made a leading crop. The acreage is extending with unprecedented rapidity. The map shows also the position of the Tobacco-Towns.

The Chronicle has received estimates from well informed tobacco dealers and farmers in all the principal tooacco counties of this year s crop, if the season be favorable (of which there Is now every promise.) The estimates
are as follows: Granville, 5,250,000; Per.son, 5,000,000; Caswell, 5,000,000; Rockingham, 5,000,000; Iredell, 4,000,000; .Stokes, 3,500,000; Vance, .JiOOO.OOO; Durliam. .•J,000,000; Forsyth, 3,000,000; Surry, 3,000,000;
Buncombe, a,500, 000; Madison, 2,000,000; Orange, 2,000,000; .\lamance, 1,500,000; Warren, 1,500,000; Hay wood, 1,000,000; other counties, 15,000,000- Xotal, 65,250,000 pouncI»i.

The figures from the census now fall far short ol the mark. They were used because no others could serve as a basis for compari-iOB. .North Carolina now produces more than (If, {MIVXK) pounds per year, and has about 2WJ
factories.

It is the duty and the pleasure of the State Bureau of .Agrieultuie (at Raleigh) to give defluite inlormation about the resources of the state anil otiicr kindred sut)jects: Mr. M McGkhek, Commissioner; Mr P. M. Wilson,
Secretary; Dr. Cha.s. W. Dabney, Jr., State i hemist; Mr. John T. P.^thiok, .state Immigration Agent ; Governor T. J. Iakvis, ( liairman of the Hoard.

9mm ^mm ©PRfyifieLE

(RALEIGH, N, C,)

Covers the State in its circulation, and has the largest home advertising pat-
ronage enjoyed by any newspaper in the State. The following
were among its advertising patrons between
Jan. 1st and June 1st, 1881.

Artist— E. L. Harris, Raleigh.

Banks— Bank of Durham-
Citizens' National Bank, Raleigh.
Bank of Henderson.
Eugene Morehead & Co., Durham.

Book-Binding— Edwards, Broughioti & Co..

Raleigh.
Bbick Machine— Allen & Cram, Raleigh.
Buggies, HHiETONs, &c.~Tyson & Jones, Car-

Ihage.
CAMGRAPH (Writing Machine)- Page and

Arendell, Raleigh.
Cigars— V. o. Thompson & Co.. Wlnstoh.

J. S. Toraiinson & Co., Hickory.
Cigarettes— Allen & Ginier, Richmond.

BUickwell Tobacco Co., Durham.

W. Duke, 80DS A Co.. Durhnro.

Kinney Tobacco Co., New York.
CLOTHIERS— R. B Andrews & Co., Raleigh.

E. D Latta & Bro., t harlolle.
(.Coffin House— H. J. Brown. Raleigh
i,'OTTON PRESS—Allen & Cram. Raleigh.
C0TT0N-.SEED Planter, 1 " Eclipse" )—D. C.

I>ytch, Laurinburg,
Candy Manufacturers- A D. Royster &

Bro., Raleigl).
I IGAKS— S. Kramer & Co., Durliam.

S. M. Richardson, Ualeigli.
Clothiers — Berwanger Bros , Raleigh.

Litt. Ral
Commission M
York.
J.J. Tbomus. Iviileigh
Dentisi ' " ■- --
Drug.; 1
Pes.-

NTS— C. E.

Dry

W. H.

, Ual

. Kaleigh.
nod, Raleigh.
■Ii. Kali'igli.
igli.

Pool & Morlng, Raleigh.
W. C. & A. B. Stronach, Raleigh.
L. R. Wyatt. Raleigh.
WyattA Taylor. Raleigh.

: MEKCHANTS—Lynn

E. .1.

lialdiu. 1.

aeigli.

Latta & Myatt,

Raleigh.

M T

Leach &

.■0., Raielsh.

M '1'

Non-ls & Bio.. Kalelsh

Part

u * 1 row

er, lialel^li.

Ran.

,v l;,,,h, ,

■■■'■'y.'' .: ,■

„ Ralel

.1 c

^ I ii;;,~.i

. 1 : , .

T. 11

1 .1 1 .\

-1 ;i - i: i;i i"ti

h:c|w

hK ,\ 1;.

.'i^ i/.vl.'id.

.hihi

- I.rn 1^ ,V

. ...Ualeish.

Rdl"

wl ,v Co.. Du

ham.

-■A I)>

II..1..-1. .Morehead i it

BrisL's 11.. I,. I. « ilsoii
Central Hotel, Italelgh,
Hotel Brunswick. Smlthville.
Haywood White iSulphiir Spi-i

Hoc^s

s-Fred. A Watsoi

I.NSUii.4NfK~N. c. Home fo., Rale:
J. J. Mackay. Durham.
J. soutliKale & Son. Durhain.
/allp> Mutual, Geo ('. .lordan,:
Raleigh.

W. H.

-^tn

r. T. Hay, Raleigh.

-Raleigh.

Tucker & Co., Raleigh.
win. M.toiicntt. Raleigh.
Norris & ..arter. Raleigh.
Dkv Goodsand . i.oTHiNG— J. D.Creech & Co.,
Raleigh.
L. Ro.scuthal & Co., Raleigh.
W. T. Woodward, Raleigh.
EDUCATio.NAL— Bingham f,chool, blugham

Charlou

Fray & - ^

Horner School, Oxfoi-d.

T. J & W. U. Horner s School, Henderson

Misses Nash & MlssKollock, Hlllsb.iro.

Peace Institute, Raleigh.

Trinity College, Trinity College, N C.

ihapelHill.

.Win-

Durham Fertilizer Co., Durham.

Lister Bros., Newark, N. J.

Pine Island Guano, New London, conn.

l.^pshnr Guano Company, Norfolk, Va.

Wando .-Veld Phosphate.

Wan.lo Fertilizer Company.
Foundry and Machine shops— Allen
Crum, Raleigh.

Wuinwright & Royall, Wilson.
PliRNiTUBE— E. M. Andrews, Charlotte.
Grocer.s—

Leu. H. Adams, Raleigh.

Ikon WoitKS— Saleiii Ii-on Works, salem.
Lawyers— Peele& Maynard. Raleigh.

, NoriCK-C. D. Hpchurch, C. S. >'. V

Rittenhouse, Phlla

STABLES—

W. E. V. Jackson, Raleigh.
Georae W Wynne, Raleigl..
IVIACIIINEKV— .-Mien <acram, Raleigh.
David .\nderson. Raleigh.
Md.lell & Co., Charlotte.
Tappey & steel, Petersburg.

.MANUFACTURERS—

Gary Shuttle Block Company, Cary.

North Carolina Plow Company, Cary.

Pioneer .Manufacturing Company, Raleigh.

North Carolina Car ^.'ompHny, Raleigh.
.MEDICAL- Ayer's .Sarsaparllla, Lowell Mass.

Ayer's cherry Pectoral, Lowell, MasK.

Boshamer's Cornicide, Raleigh.

Polk's Diphtheria Cure, Boston.
Newspapers— Western Tobacco .lournal. Cin-

ciu

atl.

Church Messenger, Charlotte.
Gazette, Washington, N. c.
Palladium, New Haven, Conn.
Register, Raleigh.
Visitor, Raleigh

PER MANUFACTURERS— W. F. AskCW&Son,

Raleigh.
Pictures— P. Sinclair, Rockingham.
Plows— Wainwright & Royall, Wilson.
Plumbing— T. S. Stevenson. Raleigh.
Printing, Binding, &c.— Edwards, Brough-

ton &Co., Raleigh.

Uzzcll & Galling, Raleigh.

P. W. Wiley & CO., Raleigh.
Real Estate — "A," Raleigh, Residence.

George Allen »& Co., New Berne, Lands
Eastern North Carolina.

Natt. Atkinson, Asheville, Lauds in Wei
eru North Carolina.

G. W. Blacknall, Raleigh, Broker.

T. M. Holt. Haw River, Farms.

R. H. .lones, Cary, Factory Building.

E. P. Penick, Mooresville, Farm.

C. .■^. r.)w.'ll.Siiulhfleld, Farms.

-Wai. 1-1'.. «. I, r.iileigh. Water-power.

John .\. w illi.iiiis, Oxford, Farms.

Th.jii.:.- 11. n.illle, Tarboro.

A. i \V. H.Ciiiikley. Warrenton.

J. P. Gibson. .Mebane.

Gray & Stainps, Raleigh.

Haywood tfe Haywood, Raleigh.
i T. 1). Love, Jr.. Willis Creek.

J. R. McCorkle, ooresville.

Partin & Crowder, Raleigh.

J. F. Trolliuger, Mebane.

A. T. Sate., Raleigh.

J. D. Shaw, Rockingham.

Tale & Trolliuger, Mebane.

J. J, Wicker, Manly.
RestaurantandConfections— iM..I.Mosel.

Raleigh.
Saw .MiLLS-Liddcll & Co., Chai'lotte.

rks. Sale
-J. L.

' Mail-F. G. Morris

Tobacco- chewing— P. H. Hanes Jl Co.. Win-
P Loi-'illard & Co., Jersey City. .\. .1.

Blackwell Durham Tobacco Co., Durham.

W. Duke, sons dtCc, Durham.

Keech, Davis & Co. Hickory.

Kinney Tobacco Co., New "lorlc.

1'. Loi-illard & Co., Jersey City, -V. J.

R. F. Morris & Son Manufacturing Co..
Durham.

J. S. Tomllnsou & Co., Hickory.
Tobacco (Leaf) Brokers— W. A. Bohbitt. ok-
ford.

John B. Booth, Oxford.

B. T. Crump & Co., Richmond.

Dibrell Bros. & Co., Durham and Danville.

Richard A. Evans, Statesville.

W. E. Gary, Henderson.
Tobacco Presses and Machinery— The Jno.
H. McGowan Co., Cincinnati.

Tappey & Steel, Petei-sbui-g.
' Tobacco seed— R. L. Ragland, Hyco, Va.
Tobacco Warehouses— Burwell Bros. & Co.,
Henderson.

Cooper's. Henderson.

Davis & Wyche, Henderson.

Harrlll & Hampton, Statesville.

J. S. Lockhart. Durham.

Parrisli's, Durliam.

Frank Stronach & Co., Raleigh.
Town— Lenoir, Caldwell county.
Wagons— C. F. Nisseu & Co.. Salem.
Wants— situation as Book-Keeper.

(Cotton Seed) Cotton seed Oil .Mills, Char-
lotte.

Teacher's Position.

Teacher.

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 159

Mr. Cameron,* in his interesting and able "Sketch of the
Tobacco Interests of North Carolina," says that when the
sanguine colonists of Jamestown heard the result of their
first shipment of the golden sands of James river, and learned
that it was nothing more than worthless mica spangles, they
may have consoled themselves under their bitter chagrin in
the oblivious cloud of smoke from the soothing pii^e, and
learned at length that in the tobacco fields they bad really,
if unwittingly, found a true El Dorado. For, despairing of
the discovery of the metalic gold, they sought it in the oul-
ture and sale of the weed which a new habit had made in-
dispensable to human luxury and comfort, and which made
returns that filled the coffers of the planters as effectively
and substantiall}^ as the metallic representative. Gold was
found above the soil, not under it; and henceforward the
southern colonies went on to grow and to prosper, to become
populous, wealthy and refined, and to reach that social and
political height which gave them preeminent influence with
the other colonies, and which has never been lost through
the lapse of time, the shocks of war or the reverses of for-
tune. And this is all directly traceable to tobacco.

Tobacco was soon made to perform also the functions of
gold in another form. Its culture once firmly established,
and markets opened for its disposal, it became the common
medium of exchange, the standard of value, and almost the
sole currency of Virginia at least. It paid the taxes of the
farmer, it liquidated his debts to the merchant, it satisfied
the parson for his ministrations, and it measured the dowry
of the bride. It was made in its earliest colonial daj's, as it
has been made to do in the maturit}^ of modern common-
wealths, to bear a most important relation to the subject of
revenue. King James, and his successor, King Charles,
both strove to obtain a monopoly of the sale of tobacco raised
in Virginia, which the Governor and Council compromised,
by agieeing to contract with their sovereign for at least
500,000 pounds, at 3s. and Gd. per pound, to be inspected
and guaranteed to be of uniform good quality, which is the
origin of the present system of inspection. But this con-
tract carried with it another burden opposed to the liberties
of agriculture. That the sovereign might be freed from
competition, and obtain full prices for the amount of tobacco

*We here desire to make our acknowledgments to this geutlemau for much
important iuformatiou in the preparation of these pages.

160 History of Durham.

delivered to him, the planter was required to gather only
twelve leaves from each plant. In its early histor}'-, as
in its modern experience, tobacco has been the sport of
legislation, the subject of vexatious laws and tyrannical ex-
actions, as if law-makers had conspired to punish mankind
for the facility with which they had yielded to its seductive
dominion.

North Carolina lagged many years behind Virginia in the
extent of the culture of tobacco; for whereas all the tide-
water region of the latter State became almost exclusively
devoted to this staple, long before the Revolutionar}' War,
but comparatively a small portion of the former was given
up to it. The counties of Warren and Granville, and the
counties along the Dan, with portions of Orange and Chat-
ham, under their former limits, were probably the only
counties in which tobacco was extensively cultivated for
market.

In North Carolina is produced tobacco unequalled even
in Virginia; and yet she is deprived of her due credit
both for quantity and quality. Virginia has absorbed her
fame as well as her products. Statistical tables put North
Carolina as the fourth State in extent of crop, yet foreign
commercial tables take no note of this, and the fifty or
more millions of leaf tobacco that go out of North Carolina,
go upon the world as Virginia tobacco. It is no reproach
to Virginia that this is so. She has systematized her busi-
ness by the experience of two centuries, and shipments from
Richmond and Petersburg had a guarantee for their excel-
lence in the fidelity, knowledge and skill of those who con-
trolled the market. And Virginia had given North Carolina
the only market within reach of her producing regions un-
til the change in the system of sales, established since the
war, has given her markets of her ov/n. It is our duty to
show to the world what we are doing, and vindicate our
fame and the magnitude of our resources.

But she must part with her title in the fame of her
" bright yellow tobacco," a fame based upon its North Caro-
lina origin and almost exclusive North Carolina production.

Tobacco is our crowning glory to-day, and it behooves us,
as patriotic citizens, to see to it that our State shall have
credit not only for the quantity but quality of this product.
Affluent in everything that contributes to the wealth and
prosperity of a State, in our tobacco, crude and manufact-

Tobacco Interests of North Caroijna.

IGl

ured, which is without a superior, if it has an equal, in all
the world, we have an unfailing source of revenue that alone
is capable in time of raising her to the first rank in the
galaxy of progressive States in this Union. It is but a few
years, twenty-seven, as a matter of fact, since the first bright
North Carolina leaf, as now known in trade and commerce,
was timidly placed upon the market, and in the compara-
tively short interval that has elapsed since its advent, it has
become known and esteemed in each of the four quarters
of the globe.

To Capt. Abishai Slade, of Caswell county, alone belongs
the honor of discovering the process by which the dark
brown leaf was converted into the superb " Golden Yellow,"
or " Bright Leaf," a most extraordinary and valuable pro-
cess ; one which has lifted many an humble hard-struggler
with poverty into positions of competency and comfort ; for
it fascinates and excites the buyer as if he could not pay
too much for this beautiful semblance of the product of the
mine. And all this treasure is almost exclusively in pos-
session of our State. Until recently it was confined to the
narrow belt running from south-east to north-west — embra-
cing portions of the counties of Warren, Granville, Orange,
Durham, Person, Caswell, Alamance and Rockingham, and
reaching a little way over into Virginia. Now that area
has been extended by the addition of some of the extreme
eastern counties, and of the middle counties of Stokes and
Forsyth, of the western counties of Catawba, Iredell and
McDowell, and the trans-montane counties of Buncombe,
Madison, Haywood, Henderson, Yancey and Transylvania.

AREA of tobacco.

The U. S. Census of 1880 places the product of leaf tobacco
in this State for the year 1879 at 26,986,213 pounds. There
has been considerable increase since, both in area and
pounds, but the following are the latest collective figures
the writer has been able to obtain :

Acres.

Pounds.

Acres.

Alamance. . .

.. 1,688

695,013

Beaufort. . a.

Alexander. .

11,799

Bertie

Alleghany. . .

2,049

Bladen

Anson

4,880

Brunswick . . .

Ashe

11,064

Buncombe. . .

.. 947

Pounds.
5,263

554

1,040

2,502

475,428

162

History of Durham.

Acres. Pounds.

Burke 58 20,079

Cabarrus 12 3.239

Caldwell 75 25,334

Carteret . I 303

Caswell 10,174 4.336,664

Catawba 49 26,380

Chatham 141 4Q.837

Cherokee 42 8,411

Chowan I 398

Clay 25 5,771

Cleveland 23 5.122

Columbus 15 3.866

Craven 6 2.732

Davidson 484 260,538

Davie 1,205 633,339

Duplin 16 4,655

Edgecombe .... 3 55°

Forsyth 1,693 822,788

Franklin 118 58,932

Gaston. 7 2,180

Gates 3 620

Graham 4 1,095

Granville 8,941 4,606,358

Greene 8 1,955

Guilford 910 422,716

Halifax 21 8,487

Harnett 32 9.5IO

Haywood '. 100 39.5i6

Henderson 29 4.087

Hertford 7 2, 160

Hyde 4 517

Iredell 465 242,714

Jackson 21 4.801

Johnston , 36 I2,88r

Jones I 250

Lenoir 45 13.500

Lincoln 15 6,085

McDowell 100 30,541

Macon 46 9.154

Madison 1,626 807,911

Acres. Pounds.

Martin i 2II

Mecklenburg.. 10 2,291

Mitchell 77 29,647

Montgomery.. 54 14,370

Moore 70 15,724

Nash 27 7,562

Northampton . 36 20,484

Onslow 2 730

*Orange 2,323 1,178,732

Pamlico 12 1,520

Pender 3 690

Perquimans... I 400

Person 5,768 3,012,387

Pitt 3 59S

Polk... 4 931

Randolph 45 11,101

Richmond .... 6 i , 305

Robeson 2 577

Rockingham.. 9,332 4,341,259

Rowan 216 115,251

Rutherford 38 12,908

Sampson 28 14,352

Stanly 8 1.735

Stokes 4.690 2,131,161

Surry 2,136 905,250

Swain Ii 1,166

Transylvania.. 10 3.853

Union 9 3.467

*Wake 239 94.354

Warren 1,759 992,256

Washington... 4 685

Watauga 23 7, 210

Wayne 198 102,970

Wilkes no 33.211

Wilson 17 8,745

Yadkin • 425 177.595

Yancey 84 33.898

Total 57,208 26,986,213

From this exhibit it appears that of the ninety-six coun-
ties in the State eighty-seven grew tobacco in 1879, though
some of them respectively but a small quantity. There are no
statistics showing the quantity actually produced annually
in the State, but the large warehousemen and other compe-
tent judges estimate it at about 60,000,000 pounds. The

*The county of Durham since formed of portions of Orange and Wake. Dur-
ham and Wake will this year produce over 2,000,000 pounds. Wake hitherto has
paid very little attention to the production of tobacco, her chief product
having been cotton. Some of the best tobacco lands in the State lie in this
county. Efforts are being made to establish a market at Raleigh, the capital
of the State.

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 163

finest tobacco in this State, as in others, is grown only in a
few counties.

HOW THE TOBACCO TRADE IS CONDUCTED.

All of the tobacco grown in North Carolina that is not
conveyed from the northern farms to Danville and other
nearer Virginia markets for sale, is sold on open break in the
various markets of the State. The custom of selling in this
manner prevails, as our readers know, in Maryland, Vir-
ginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentuck}^ Tennessee and
Missouri. It is one which commends itself to both sellers
and buyers, as it yields to the farmers all that their products
bring, less warehouse charges, and to the latter it gives op-
portunity for purchasing at first hands and seeing what
they buy. The vast warehouses where the breaks are es-
tablished are the tobacco growers' havens. To them they
go, as they go to their homes, feeling assured that there they
will receive fair treatment. Most of the warehouses have
attached to them apartments designed and reserved espe-
cially for the uses of the farmers and their teams.

To a person unaccustomed to the sight, it is interesting
to see the growers in and about the warehouses, as among
them every variety of the genus homo may be met — the
lively, the dull, the rich, the poor, the white, the black ;
men with one acre, men with thousands of acres, and men
with no acres at all except what they hire. But with the
warehousemen, the dealers and the manufacturers, these are
the men who are increasing the wealth of the " Old North
State " at a rate that is absolutely astonishing. Into wagons
of various sizes and forms, but mostly those drawn by two
horses or mules ; wagons that are high at the rear and less
high at the front ; that have canvas coverings for roofs, oat
bins at the backs, and tool boxes on the sides — into wagons
of this description the growers pack their precious crops of
tobacco when they are ready for sale, assorting them as well
as they can, and start away for the markets. Five, ten,
twenty, sixty miles they come to the warehouses, sleeping
safely in their wagons on the way, so orderly and law-abiding
are the people of the State as a rule ; and in an hour or two
after their arrival they are on their way home with the
money tlieir crops have brought in their pockets. In the
busy seasons hundreds of them arrive daily in the princi;

164 HisTOEY OP Durham.

pal markets. Driving up to the doorways of the ware-
houses, they unload their crops according to the chissifica-
tions they have made. The various classes or piles are
weighed and then placed in order along the long floors of
the warehouse. Some piles weigh but a few pounds and
some several hundred pounds, but on each pile a card is
placed bearing the name of the warehouse, number of the
pile, the farmer's name, the price the pile brings when sold,
the number of pounds and the buyer's name, all of which
are entered in the warehousemen's books.

The expedition with which sales are effected in the ware-
houses is remarkable, the auctioneers passing from pile to
pile followed by the bu3'ers, at the rate of almost two to the
minute. Thousands of pounds of tobacco thus change
hands in a few minutes. Farmers can reject bids when the
prices do not ecjual their expectations without charge, and
obtain free storage for tobacco withdrawn until it is again
offered for sale. Immediately at the conclusion of the sales,
the sellers or farmers receive their pay from the warehouse-
men, less the charges. The charges are as follows : 10 cents
per 100 pounds for weighing, and 10 cents for fractional
parts of 100 pounds. Auction fees are 25 cents per pile for
piles less than 500 pounds, and 50 cents per pile for piles
weighing from 500 to 1,000 pounds, and $1 per pile for piles
weighing 1,000 pounds and over. Commissions 3 per cent.
Brokerage charges are 75 cents per hundred for buying and
packing, and 2J per cent, on net amount of bill, which is
equivalent to about one cent a pound. The cost to a farmer
to sell his tobacco is estimated at about five cents a pound,
■which is a small item considering the average range of
prices he receives.

Excepting Sundays and the holidays, the warehouses in
Durham are open for business every day in the year, though
Mondays and Saturdays are regarded as easy or off-days.
When the auction sales are concluded, the buyers imme-
diately convey their purchases to the prizing houses, so as to
leave the floors of the warehouses free for succeeding daily
operations, and it is in these establishments that the real
work of preparing the tobacco for market is done. There
every leaf and bundle is examined, graded and classified
according to a precise and uniform formula, and the goods
are packed in tierces and hogsheads, ready for shipment
wherever wanted.

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 165

So rapid has been the development of trade, that one may
see farmers and tradesmen on the breaks who have risen
from comparative poverty to comparative opulence in a
few years. Lands that could have been bought a dozen
years ago for two or three dollars an acre, cannot now be
had for less than hundreds of dollars per acre, and some
cannot be purchased at all, so much has tobacco increased
the value of everything in the localities where it is grown
and sold. Tobacco and its influence upon the prosperity of
the people of the tobacco belt, is the one common topic of
observation everywhere, just as it has long been in the to-
bacco districts of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York,
Pennsylvania and other Northern States. Notwithstanding
the appreciation in the value of lands under tobacco culti-
vation, as much as immigration will be likely to demand
for many years, and as good as the best, can be procured at
prices within the means of the most ordinary laboring man.
It is so all through the State. Within the area of territory
embracing the thriving towns of Durham, Henderson, Ox-
ford, Winston and Reidsville, all of which are in the cele-
brated Piedmont District, thousands upon thousands of
acres of the very best tobacco, cotton, grain, fruit and wood
lands in the world are still available to all honest and in-
dustrious immigrants at reasonable prices.

culture and curing of tobacco.

The following facts are gleaned mainly from the tobacco
portion of the 10th Census, advance sheets of which were
kindly furnished the author by the Commissioner at Wash-
ington. The very highest authorities have been sought
both in this State and Virginia, and the facts herewith sub-
mitted may be relied on as accurate. In this State the de-
velopment of the fine tobacco interest displays one of the
most remarkable transitions in the history of agriculture.
Its growth was first begun in this State by two brothers, Eli
and Elisha Slade, of Caswell county, upon a ridge between
two small tributaries of the Dan river. The soil was thin
and sandy and, in comparison with the river bottoms, was
of little value. About 1S52 or 1853 the Slades grew, by
chance, as they supposed, a small crop of yellow tobacco. As
it grew year after year, its peculiarities were attributed to
special methods of culture and curing. They communicated
11

166 History of DuRHA^f.

their methods to all inquirers, and it was soon found that
soil was the chief element, although care in the modes of
cultivation and curing was also found to be necessary to the
production of the best qualities. From the plantation of
the Slades, its growth extended over Caswell count}', and
along the same ridge into Pittsylvania county, Virginia.
This covered almost the entire area of yellow-tobacco cul-
ture before the civil war, when the production of tobacco
was almost entirely suspended. The war increased the man-
ufacture of tobacco in the North, where no tobacco suitable
for plug or wrappers was grown, and at its close attention
was called to the fitness of the North Carolina yellow leaf
for this purpose- The price rose with the demand, and the
production extended to other counties, especially to Person,
Granville and Rockingham. Granville outstrips all com-
petitors, although many other counties have entered the
lists, from Buncombe and Madison, in the west, where it is
grown on the slope of the Alleghanies, 3,000 feet above sea-
level, to the coast belt about Goldsboro', 200 feet above the
sea — a vertical range of 2,800 feet, and a climatic range
equivalent to about eight and a half degrees of latitude.
While yellow leaf may have been raised in Virginia in small
quantities, this may be taken as an accurate sketch of the
origin and spread of the new product in North Carolina and
in the contiguous counties of Virginia.

After the war the cheap and abundant production of
shipping tobacco in the West and the reduction of the price
below the cost of production in North Carolina militated,
with the demand for fine tobacco, to diminish the growth of
the heavy tobacco and to extend widel}' the production of
fancy leaf, which reaches its highest perfection in the cen-
tral belt, of which the city of Durham is the main outlet.

There are, broadly and generally stated, two varieties of
soil in North Carolina: a gray, sandy, light soil, with a yel-
low, sandy-clay subsoil, suited to yellow leaf and the various
types of fine tobacco, and a dark loam, a rich, unctuous,
heavy soil, with a red clay subsoil, suited especially to the
cereals and to a heavy dark or red tobacco. The change in
the growth of tobacco has been from one of these to the
other. Shipping leaf is still grown, however, both as an in-
dustry, upon soil selected for it, and as an incident to at-
tempts to raise fine tobacco upon lands not suited to its
iproduction. Sometimes a part of the same field will offer

Tobacco Interests op North Carolina. 167

both kinds of soil and grow both fine and heavy tobacco.
The production of shipping leaf is not regarded as profita-
ble, and planters generally endeavor to raise the fine leaf,
so that this is the onl}'' branch of tobacco culture worthy of
especial notice.

Alongside the decline in wealth in old areas of prosperity
there are other instances in the South of the growth of
thrift and wealth in communities which were poor before
the war, but no other section presents such wonderful
changes. Comfortable farm-houses have taken the places of
rude log-cabins, excellent and convenient barns and out-
houses exhibit the new thrift, and new life has been infused
into all classes and into both races. The distinctive feature
of this phenomenon is that it has brought into requisition,
as most profitable, the poorest soils in the State, and wrought
its improvements on the poorest farming classes. It has also
enhanced the value of such lands until they actually sell
for more than the most fertile bottom lands, and the spec-
tacle has actually been witnessed of a contention between
counties as to which could show the most poor land. The
effect of this is practicall}' to increase largely the wealth-
producing power of the State, breaking down the ordinary
economic distinctions between sterile and fertile lands. The
amount of this enhancement cannot be given with even ap-
proximate accuracy, because nothing definite can yet be
known as to the area of fine tobacco lands, the continued
value of poor lands depending also on the stability of the
demand for such tobacco.

VARIETIES OF TOBACCO.

Slight differences in nomenclature, local names, and the
uncertain use of descriptive adjectives make it difficult to
reach absolute accuracy in treating of the varieties of to-
bacco cultivated.

The Orinoco, popularl}'' called in some localities " Iron
Oak," is a widely grown plant, of which at least three vari-
eties are reported — the Yellow, the White-stem, and the
Little or Sweet Orinoco. The Yellow Orinoco is early, ma-
tures well, becomes bright on the hill, and has a broad,
heavy leaf of a fine, silky texture. The White-stem Orinoco
grows brighter and whiter on the hill than most varieties,
and is more easily cured the desired color. The fiber is

168 History of Durham.

also while. Silky Pryor has a long, sharp-pointed leaf, and
grows thin on the stalk, with a leaf very tough and pliant
when cured, which can be handled drier than any other
variety. The Bullock has a broad, smooth leaf, with no
rufHe on the stem. It stands heat well in curing. The
leaves are far apart on the stalk, and it bears few suckers,
often not more than four or five to the plant; nor do suck-
ers start from below the surface of the hill. On account of
the space between the leaves, a hand can sucker one-third
more of this variety than of any other. The Gary makes a
good sample, has a round leaf, and yellows well on the hill.
Virginia Seed-Leaf and Tally are also grown to some extent.
The Yellow Orinoco has largely the preference among plan-
ters, the Gooch and the Bull-face coming next, and perhaps
the Yellow Pryor next to them, and the Little or Sweet Ori-
noco, the Blue Pryor, the Adcock, the Mann, and the Cun-
ningham, are extensively cultivated. One general truth
is established: that soil adapted to coarse shipping to-
bacco will not produce fine tobacco with any variety, and
vice versa.

All varieties cure dark brown or red when grown on red-
clay soils with heavy dark or brown top soil, but incline to
brighter and lighter hues on sandy, gra}^ soil, with yellowish
subsoil, and cure from bright red to mahogany and fine yel-
low. On all fresh lands, except the very best fancy tobacco
soils, all varieties are somewhat lighter and brighter than
on old lands. This is especially the case with those lands
which will only produce shipping leaf after the first or sec-
ond year.

Such is the effect of soils, that the purity of any variety
can only be preserved by procuring seed from the soil which
produces its original, and most perfect type. This is a rule,
however, of very little practical value until experiments
shall have determined the entire subject of adaptability,
and even then the purity of any given variety can only be
maintained by great care. The seed-plants must be remote
from any other variety to avoid the intermixture of pollen
by insects, and the seed is to be selected from the crown,
that alone reproducing the same plant. Seeds from the
lower and side shoots grow plants resembling those coming
from seeds of suckers ; indeed, the side shoots are but
suckers.

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 169

TOBACCO soils.

In determining the question as to what constitutes fine
tobacco lands, or what element is fatal to the growth of
yellow leaf, the inquiry must embrace the important matter
of drainage. Tobacco is a plant which delights in a dry,
warm soil, requiring comparatively little moisture, and in
no respect do these lands differ more widely from others
than in thorough drainage. While such lands are very
miry in wet weather, so that it is difHcult to drive a wagon
or even to ride over them, the top soil is always dry and
warm.

There is a difference of opinion as to new lands. In the
western counties, v/here the growth of tobacco is quite re-
cent, new land is almost altogether planted, but in the older
tobacco counties planters have learned to conserve their old
lands and to raise upon them tobacco of the best quality
by the judicious use of fertilizers, and no longer depend
upon clearing. All agree, however, that a very fine quality
of leaf is grown on new lands. Some lands will produce a
fair fancy wrapper one or two seasons, and never after. It
is also generally agreed that the first crop is very fine and
most easily cured, hut lacks the body and uniformity of
texlure and color of the .second year's growth on the best
tobacco lands.

Fertilizers are applied upon new as well as upon old
lands. In the older tobacco counties cases are given where
tobacco has been grown upon land for twenty years in suc-
cession without decrease in yield or deterioration in quality,
but always with the aid of manure. Such lands appear to
possess permanent qualities, which need only the addition
of fertilizers and manures, and it is believed that with proper
care and rotation most of them can be kept up indefi-
nitely.*

Old fields of the proper soil, which have been worn out
and abandoned make, when cleared of their new growth.
the best tobacco lands. They are generally overgrown with

* It is unquestionably true tliat the mechanical condition of llie soil and tlic
absence ol" certain inorganic elements liave more to do with the production of
flnc tobacco than a supply of plant food. This soil is, indeed, a sponjce, which
receives and retains just fertilizers enough to bring the plant to the proper size,
wlien thoy become cxhausled, and the plant goes into a gradual decline, growing
more and more yellow and more and more delicate in tissue, until it is out. Too
much manure will destroy the flue qualities of the leaf, impairing its color and
iucreasing its coarseness.

170 History of Durham.

pines, with an undergrowth of whortleberry, chincapins,
and other bushes, the pines growing to two feet in diameter in
about twentj'-five years. About fifteen or twenty years are
required for the resuscitation of old worn-out lands. One
field was planted in corn in 1850, and the yield was so poor
that the fence was removed. In 1876 it was cleared of its
pine growth and planted in tobacco, which brought 50 cents
a pound for the whole crop. This field has been cultivated
in tobacco for five successive years, and the last crop was
better than the first. The land was treated the first year
with 200 pounds of a commercial fertilizer, and has since
received yearly applications of stable manure and fertilizer
in the drill. A great many farmers are of opinion, liowever,
that the lands are exhaustible and require years of rest, and
assert that, although the first crops on old fields reclaimed
are better than when first cleared, a great falling off occurs
after the second crop, the soil wearing out much more rap-
idly than in the first instance.

These old pine fields, when they have a gray, sand}'^ soil
and a yellow subsoil, are the best of tobacco lands. A man
selected a few acres vrhieh had grown up in " bald-faced
Spanish oaks," scrub hickor}', chiucapin, and sourwood, all
indicative of very poor lands, and the crop raised sold for
50 cents a pound at the barn door. When the soil is of the
right kind, old fields which have lain for years in " broom-
sedge" or broom-grass {AvAropogon scopariu?) grow the very
finest tobacco, while they are almost worthless for other
crops. This " sedge " is turned under in the fall before frost,
and tobacco is planted the next s|)ring.

A southern exposure is generally sought for fine tobacco.
This soil is drier and warmer, and the plant matures earlier.
The rich, black soils of northern slopes will not produce
fine tobacco, while a few yards off, on the other slope, the
finest may be grown.

Reports show a general average of 33 per cent, of preferred
tobacco soils cultivated, and the proportion of new lands
is reported at 45 per cent. In Buncombe and Madison
counties, in the west, where tobacco culture has been re-
cently introduced, the proportion of new lands is 80 per
cent., and the general average proportion of uncleared lands
adapted to the plant is given as 58 per cent. Since fine to-
bacco lands are precisely those which farmers would avoid

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 171

clearing for other crops, this is probably too low rather than
too high an estimate.

PREPARATION OF THE SOIL.

In the preparation of tobacco lands, methods vary with
the character of the soils, old "sedge" lands, clover tallows
and stubble lands requiring more plowing than land last
cultivated in corn or tobacco.

New ground is cohered twice or oftener, and is cleared of
roots and trash ; lot lands are plowed in autumn or in early
winter, to obtain the help of the winter frosts in reducing
the soil to fine tilth, are again plowed early in the spring,
and a third time before planting. Turning plows are used
to a depth of from 2 to 5 inches, the object being to invert
the upper soil as deeply as possible without exposing the
subsoil.

If the land is trashy, or not in thorough tilth, it is dragged
with a heavy harrow after the last plowing. It is then
bedded up by throwing from two to four furrows together
with a turning-plow, and the hills are laid off from 2| to 3
feet, 3 inches apart and patted on the top, so as to compact the
soil where the plant is to be set. Hilling is strongl}' recom-
mended by the best planters, especially in wet seasons,
affording better drainage and protection against all the wet-
weather diseases of tobacco. Hills present a flat surface of
from 10 to 15 inches in diameter, and are made when the
ground is in good order for working. If too dry, it will
require too much rain to moisten them sufficiently ; if too
wet, they will bake. In new ground tiie hills may be
made in March or April", in old ground they are to be
made late enough to avoid danger of growing up in weeds
or grass before planting, not earlier than the first of May.
Listing or bedding up by 3 or 4 furrows of a turning-plow
saves labor in making hills.

There is a wide difference of opinion and of practice as
to the proper distance between plants, varying from 2h by
2 ft. 3 ins. to 3 ft. 3 ins. by 3 ft. 3 ins. Many hold that noth-
ing is gained in aggregate weight, v»'hile something is lost in
length, breadth, and body by crowding closer than 3 feet 3
inclies apart each way. Hills are generally made by meas-
uring or stepping off one row and placing the hills of the

172 History of Durham.

next opposite the center of the space between those in the
first, and so on, in quincunx order.

TOBACCO FERTILIZERS.

Both commercial fertilizers and home-made manures are
used : of the former, special tobacco fertilizers and Peruvian
guano; of the latter, chiefly stable manure. Stable manure
is used in connection with numerous commercial fertilizers;
guano, superphosphates, and special compounds prepared
for tobacco.

In the eastern tobacco counties no attempt is made to
raise tobacco without fertilizers and manures; in the west-
ern counties planters are farming a virgin soil and using
very little manure; and the policy of clearing new to re-
place old lands promises to go on until it has wrought the
ruin it has elsewhere. It is generally agreed that upon most
lands in the west two crops can be raised without manure,
and this is generally the limit.

The use of fertilizers is said to yellow the crop in the hill
as well as to increase the yield, and they are applied broad-
cast in the hill and in drills. The practice of placing them
in the drills possesses advantages every way. The most
approved method is to apply stable manure in the winter.
A furrow is opened, in which it is placed, according to the
character of the soil, and a furrow is thrown over it. In
the spring the center of this is divided with a bull-tongue
or shovel-plow, and the commercial fertilizer is placed in
the new furrow with the stable manure, a bed being thrown
over this by three or four furrows with a turning-plow.
In this way the soil of the bed becomes thoroughly per-
meated by the fertilizer and manure, and upon this bed the
hills are made at the proper time, the object being to place
both the manure and the fertilizer so that the plant will
receive the stimulus from the very start. Both commercial
fertilizers and barn-yard manures are applied according to
the soil, and this must be done, after long experience, with
great care and judgment. Too much will injure the qual-
ity and the texture or may cause firing ; too little may leave
the plant small, lean, and poor; the object being to use
enough to make eight or ten plants yield a pound of fine
tobacco when cured. Quantities applied are variously re-
ported, as from 50 to 500 pounds per acre, and when no

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 173

home-made manure is used, the amount of commercial fer-
tilizer is very nearly doubled. Peruvian guano has been
generally abandoned in raising fine tobacco. Most of the
fertilizers used are manufactured especially for fine tobacco
under various names and brands, and most of them are
said to be rich in ammonia, soluble phosphates and potash.
Much attention has been paid to home-made manures,
stable manure being generally used and preferred to all
others, and giving best results when used in combination
with commercial fertilizers — the latter starting the plant
and giving quick growth ; the former finishing the growth,
giving body and maturity. Size may be attained without
manure by the use of fertilizers alone, but not body. Some
planters make their own fertilizers by treating bone dust
with sulphuric acid, and composts are also made of muck
and stable manure. Ashes are also used, and by some
guano is considered especially applicable to new land'.

SEED-BEDS.

The soil selected for the seed bed is as fine as flour, \^ith
the least possible admixture of coarse sand and gravel, in-
clined to be moist, but not wet, and thoroughly drained.
The sowing is done sometimes as early as December 1,
and again as late as the 15th of April, but January and
February are preferred.

Usually the plants appear about the first of March if the
sowing has been timel}', and arc sufficiently well grown for
transplanting by the first week in May.

Plants are read}^ for setting out when the leaves are about
3 inches long and the width of three fingers, but for old
ground the plants should be larger, and leaves 5 or 6 inches
long.

transplanting tobacco.

Planters generally agree that the lOlh of May is soon
enough to begin transplanting, and that successive plant-
ings are desirable, in order that the crop may not all mature
at once. Later than the 10th of June is not looked upon
with favor by the best planters. Planting is sometimes
done as late as the first of August, but never with expecta-
tion of more than very moderate returns. If set out too
early, the plants are likely to be damaged by cold, and to

174 History of Durham.

be deprived of the dews of August and September; if too
late, they may not mature properly before frost.

In general, planters wait for rain in order to transplant,
though crops of seventy acres have been successfully planted
b}' making artificial seasons.

CULTIVATION OF TOBACCO.

As soon as the plant has rooted and begun to grow, which
is shown by the color, and is usuall}'' within five or six
days, the turn-plow is run, with the bar next the plant,
thus barring off the soil. The hill is then cleared of weeds
with a hoe, and a little fresh earth is drawn to the plant.
An excellent authority opposes the use of the plow unless
the rows have become very foul, and recommends breaking
the crust of the hill with the hoe and drawing loose earth
around the plant until it has covered the hill to a breadth
of 12 inches. This is probabl}'- the better way, but it is too
tedious and costly for general practice.

About a week after the first plowing the earth is thrown
to the plant by the plow, and a broad, flat hill is made with
the hoe. A third plowing is given before topping, and the
hoe hands follow, hilling up well with a high hill. Unless
grass and w^eeds are very prolific, this will be cultivation
enough. Both the turning-plow and the bull-tongue are
used, the former being preferred when the rows are foul.
The cultivation is shallow, and the subsoil is but little
stirred, and cultivation is avoided after topping unless the
weeds and grass require the hoe.

The plowing is often done with a cotton sweep, which is
growing in favor, and cultivation is pushed rapidly by the
best planters. In shipping leaf cultivation is continued
until August, but in fine tobacco, beginning with plow or
hoe when the plant has commenced growing, it is continued
about once in ten days until the 10th or 15th of July.

PRIMING, TOPPING, AND SUCKERING OF TOBACCO.

At the last hoeing, as a general rule, the bottom leaves
are primed off. When it is possible, all plants for fine
tobacco are topped by the last of J\i]j, or at latest by the
10th of August. There is, however, the greatest diversity
of opinion as to both priming and topping. The general

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 175

rule as to priming, however, is from 4 to 6 inches, while the
range in topping up to the hist of July is usualh^ from ten
to fourteen leaves. Ten may be taken, however, as the
number approved most widely, as measuring that which can
be easilj' matured with the greatest weight and desired
texture and color. Planters who adopt a standard of ten,
top as Jiigh as twelve leaves when the plant is gross, or go
below that if it appear that ten cannot be properly matured.
Topping is usually done at intervals of a week, find at each
successive topping fewer leaves are left, so as to make all
plants set out at the same time ripen together. The sea?on
and the character of the plant have much to do with the
tojiping, but the best authorities assert that those who are
tempted to go beyond ten leaves, except with very gross
plants, lose in body, oil, and toughness, and gain nothing
in weight, texture, or color. Some planters top even as
high as twenty leaves on strong land, holding that low top-
ping makes the plant coarse and the fibers large.

One planter advises topping high in dry weather and
low in wet weather, on the ground that if the plant be
topped low in dry weather and rains follow, it will be sur-
feited with moisture, and the top leaves will grow large and
the bottom leaves fall off. If dr}'^ weather succeeds wet, the
plant having been topped high and the supply of moisture
ceasing, the growth is checked, the plant is not filled out,
and the leaf grows thin and ])apery. Perhaps the best lule
given as to priming is to allow the tips of the bottom leaves
at maturity to hang well clear of the ground.

Suckers are pulled off when too or three inches long, and
every week, as they appear, until the plant is cut, usually
from three to four times. There are two weeks between suc-
cessive crops of suckers.

The usual time between planting and topping is about
six weeks, but this is so dependent on the season that the
time may be from forty to sixty days. The time between
topping and cutting is from six to ten weeks, varying ac-
cording to season and according to soil, gray lands matu-
ring the plant earlier than red lands. The variation on
account of soil is given at as much as four weeks, and the
plant will stand longer on strong land than on thin land.
The method of cultivation also has an influence on the time,
shallow culture ripening the plant earlier than deep cul-
ture. The time of maturing is also affected by the quality

176 History of Durham.

and the quantity of fertilizer used, and the variation in time
of cutting, from the last of August to the 15th of October.

RIPENING TOBACCO.

Eipening is indicated by the leaf becoming sleek, the fuzz
disappearing, and the appearance of dappled yellow spots,
called "graining." Dappled leaves make a mahogany leaf
when cured ; uniform grayish-green color (luellon-apple
green), when cut, indicates the finest leaf. Poor tobacco,
without body, has a smooth, lifeless yellow, improper ripen-
ing, due to wet seasons, rendering it almost impossible to
attain the desired color. The plant will not ripen well in
wet seasons, rendering it almost impossible to attain the
desired color. The plant will not ri[)en well in wet seasons,
especially when rain follows drought, but it is not injured
by rain after it is ripe. It may begin a new growth, but
will ripen again in a few days. Cool nights and heavy
dev/s thicken the plant, and cause it to mature rapidly, with
good body.

CUTTING OF TOBACCO.

Tobacco is always cut thoroughly ripe, unless it is neces-
sary to sacrifice quality to escape total loss from frost. There
is a difference of opinion as to the effect of rain or dew,
almost all asserting that it does no harm to cut even when
w^et with rain or dew ; yet one of the best authorities on the
subject declares that the least water on the leaf spoils the
color in drying.

When the plants are fully ripe, each cutter takes two rows,
a stick-carrier walking between two cutters, holding a stick.
The plants are split down the center of the stalk and cut,
and six to eight plants are placed astride the stick; another
hand takes two sticks at a time to the wagon ; and a third
hand keeps the stick-carrier supplied. The plants are as-
sorted in the field, so that those only of a uniform color and
ripeness shall be cut and cured together, and the tobacco is
placed at once in the wagon, if possible, without exposure
to the sun, and without allowing it to wilt or to lie upon
the ground. It is desirable that the plants shall be stiff and
open, so that the hot air can circulate freely among the
leaves, and is never scaffolded before housing.

Cutting is done on Monday and Tuesday, so as to cure

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 177

by Saturday, or it is cut on Friday and Saturday, postpon-
ing the curing till Monday, from the rigid regard for the Sab-
bath and its universal observance by all classes, although
the planters suffer serious inconvenience and expense in the
cutting season when the weather on Monday is unfavorable
for outdoor work.

Twelve hands will fill a barn of 600 pounds' capacity in
two days ; but this is excellent work, and the last loads will
not be gotten in until after nightfall.

The sticks are Ah feet long, and are placed at a distance
of from 8 to 10 inches apart on the tier poles, but never less
than 8 inches, for fear of sweating or " house-burn."

tobacco-barns.

For fine tobacco, curing-barns are built of logs, small and
tight, from 16 to 22 feet square. The larger size has the
merit of economy, while 16-foot barns have the approval of
the larger number of planters. The comparative housing
capacity is about as 4 to 7, the smaller holding 352 sticks,
the larger 650, one foot apart. If 16 feet, the barn is di-
vided by five sets of tier poles into four equal compart-
ments; if 20 feet square, six sets of tier poles divide the
barn, including, in both cases, the joists, and exclusive of
the collar-beams. A slope to the east is used, if possible,
that the furnace may open on thnt side, prevailing winds
being from the west in the curing season.

When, as is generalh' the case, more than one barn is
needed, the barns are grouped' together for convenience,
but not nearer than 100 feet, on account of danger from
fire. An inclination of 2 feet in 20 will be found advan-
tageous in arranging the furnaces. The reason assigned
for the use of log instead of frame barns is, that the latter,
even though they be ceiled, cannot be heated sufficiently.
The ground sills are of oak, well underpinned, and on these
the pen, 20 feet square, is built of logs about 6 inches in di-
ameter, notched down closely. At-the height of 5 feet a set
of six tier poles, generally of pine, and 4 inches in diame-
ter, is laid horizontally, resting upon the northern and
southern walls, the two outside pells lying against the east
and west walls. The first tier is only used in hanging and
hoisting; the next is laid on in the same way, three logs
above; and so on to the top, when the sixth is laid, serving

178 History op Durham.

also as joists, and resting upon tlie plates. If the roof is
framed, the rafters are raised directly above and in line with
the joists or last tier, and the collar-beams are nailed to the
rafters, giving one and a half more tiers in the roof. Cabin
roofs are usually built — that is, each gable is built up with
logs of decreasing length, with their ends beveled, the long
side down, to the last and shortest, which is notched in the
centre for the ridge pole of the roof. Each end of the gable
log is laid upon a roof pole, which extends the full length
of the barn, and by the shortening of these logs the roof
poles form on both sides the slant of the roof, which is
crowned by the ridge pole. Into these roof poles the collar-
beams are let in the cabin roof. The walls for a barn 20
feet square, when completed, contain about twenty logs
each, j)]ates included, and are about 16 feet high. The
cracks are then closely chincked and daubed with mud, to
which lime enough has been added to make it adhere well,
and doors 4 feet square are cut in the north or south side
and are provided with very closely-fitting shutters.

THE FLUES.

The Smith patent is the one most commonly used. Fur-
naces are built, if the barn is properly located, on the east
side; and, if the ground is rightly inclined, only one log
need be sawed out, which is done 4 inches from the corner
next to both the north and the south w^alls. The arch is
of brick or fire-proof stone, 5 feet long, projecting externally
18 inches. The walls are built of brick, two bricks thick,
and 2 feet apart, 18 inches high, 4 inches from the walls of
the barn, the space being filled with dry earth, and the
space between the two carefully filled up to the first log. A
covering is then made over the external arch, running the
length of the barn, and an ashbed is dug out in front of
the opening of each arch. The iron flue pipes are let in
about 6 inches from the floors of the arches, and the cracks
are stopped with clay. In order to give the greatest heat-
ing capacity, the flues are built one foot from the north, the
west, and the south walls, and, as a protection against lire,
when this is done a thin wall is built between the pipes and
the ground sills, running from where the pipe joins the fur-
nace 6 feet along the flue, the distance to which the pipes
are heated red. The pipes are made of No. 24 iron, except

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 179

the two joints that enter the furnaces, which are of IS-inch
iron, and are from 12 to 15 inches in diameter. The pipe
is elevated gradually about 1 inch in 2 feet, and runs con-
tinuously from both liues along the north and south walls
and the west wall. In the centre of the pipe, along the
west wall, which lies horizontal, and 1 foot from the wall,
the return pipe makes a f, and conducts the draught
through the center of the barn back to the east wall, rising
gradually, so as to make the perpendicular distance between
the points where the pipes leave the furnaces and that where
the return pipe comes out through the wall about 18 inches.
A short elbow joint in a small chimney receives the return
pipe on the outside.

From two to three cords of dr}- wood sufiices for one cur-
ing. Barns thus coristructed, with flues complete, cosi from
$50 to $75 each ; packing-houses, about $200 each. With
barn and flues properly constructed, fires are always the re-
sult of carelessness, and yet about one barn in twenty is re-
ported as lost by fire.

CURING of tobacco.

The process of curing tobacco by fire is the most difBcult
and delicate in the whole course. Experience alone will
make a curer of fine tobacco, and that only of one who
possesses nice judgment, excellent powers of observation
and care. A trifling inattention may, at a critical moment,
reduce a barn of the finest yellow tobacco to the lower
grades. If the fires are allowed to die out or decline after
the leaf is cured, sap remaining in the stalks or stems will
diffuse itself through the leaf and mar the color irremediably
in twenty-four hours; and, on the other hand, too much
heat will cause sweating, which will, unless checked by
speedy ventilation, both injure the color and impair the
body and texture. In order to prevent this, it is necessary
to use a thermometer, hung level with the tails of the plants
on the lowest tier, and, to guard the degree of heat b}' con-
stant care, to watch day and night, with frequent inspection
of the plants, generally selecting some one plant as a guide,
but not by any means omitting general inspection.

CURING TOBACCO BY CHARCOAL.

In curing by charcoal, as soon as the crop is housed in a

180 History op Durham.

barn 20 by 20 feet square four rows of fires are built, four
fires in a row, 1^ bushels to the sixteen fires. Tlie entire
process requires from three to four entire clays. About 100
bushels of charcoal, at 4 cents per. bushel, are allowed to 800
pounds of tobacco.

FLUE- CURING.

Since curing by flues promises very soon to supersede all
other methods, this process is more particularly described.
The only difference between that and charcoal-curing is in
the manner of applying heat. Two distinct stages are re-
cognized in curing: yellowing with a damp heat at a low
temperature, which is generally 90°, or, when the tobacco is
very light and yellow, 100°; but if the weather is very cool,
80°. The second is the drying, which may be divided into
curing the leaf and curing the stalk.

Yellowing. — This is done at 90°, or at 80° if the weather
be cool, in from eighteen to thirty-six hours, until the desired
color is attained.

Drying or curing is then effected by the following man-
agement of temperature : 95° for two hours, 100° for two
hours, 105° for two hours, 110° for two hours, 115° for two
hours, 120° for six hours, 130° for two hours, 140° for two
hours, 150° for two hours, and 160° for twenty-four hours,
the last temperature being kept up until the stalks and
stems are dried. This table is for tobacco not gross and
very yellow when cut, and to be modified with judgment.
If the tobacco is gross and of a gray color, four hours in-
stead of two should be taken to each stage from 100° to
120°.

The Ragland Method. — This method is for medium to-
bacco. Ripe tobacco only is to be cut, and is then placed five
to seven plants on a stick 4 feet long and from 10 to 12 inches
apart on the tier poles. Steaming or yellowing is done at
90° from eighteen to forty-eight hours, according to char-
acter of tobacco. When yellowed, the heat is raised from '
90° to 95° in from one to tw^o hours, from 95° to 100° in
two hours, from 100° to 105° in two hours, from 105° to
110° in from one to three hours, from 110° to 115° in two
hours, and from 115° to 120° in two hours, at which the
leaf is cured in from four to eight hours. The stalk is cured
by a temperature advancing from 120° to 175°, at about 5°

Tobacco Interests op North Carolina. 181

an hour, keeping the temperature at 175° until the stalk is
thoroughly cured.

TREATMENT OF TOBACCO AFTER CURING.

When the stalk is cured thoroughly dry the fires are
allowed to die out. There is a wide difference of opinion as
to the after treatment. It is agreed that the plants cannot
be safely stripped in the moist, warm weather which fol-
lows the curing season, because of the danger of loss of color.
The plant comes from the drying barn always with a little
greenish tinge. In the after treatment this fades away, and
it takes on a solid bright yellow, uniform throughout. The
crop is allowed to remain with fires out and doors open for
thirty-six hours, until it can be handled. Some, however,
recommend throwing wet straw on the flues, which is kept
moist, and the tobacco thus is steamed at a safe tempera-
ture, to bring it at once into "order" for removal. It is
then "bulked down" in the packing-house on the sticks,
butts out, in square piles. This improves the color and
straightens out the leaves, rendering them smooth and neat
in appearance. Many farmers allow it to lie in bulk for-
only three or four days and then rehang it, crowding very-
closely, to prevent injury to the color from atmospheric
changes. On the other hand, the best opinion favors more
permanent bulking down, in such order that it can be
handled without breaking, the leaf soft and stem hard.
Those who thus bulk down rehang, to come in order for
stripping. After it is stripped, it is tied in hands of si« to
twelve leaves: bright wrappers, six ; fillers, eight ,-■ smokers,
ten to twelve, when it is by some rehung and orowded
closely, but, according to the best practice, it is bulked down
on sticks, heads out, each grade by itself, and carefully cov-
ered with carpets, to exclude light, the colors being very
sensitive to light as well as to air. In this condition the
color is fixed, and after two months in balk it is no longer
subject to change.

Fine tobacco is packed in tierces of from 350 to 800
pounds, each grade by itself, or it is sold loose at the barn
or carried loose to market, where it is placed in piles and
sold at auction. Dealers buy enough of each grade to fill a
cask, when they prize lightly and ship to the various mar-
kets.

182 History of Durham.

It is sometimes necessary in very small crops to sell loose,
because the quantity of each j^rade is not sufficient to fill a
cask ; but to [)ack in casks or boxes before taking to market
avoids risks in handling. Sometimes, though rarely, it is
put up by farmers in casks or boxes, being usually packed
by mere hand pressure.

The period for stripping, assorting, packing, and market-
ing is generally from October to August, and the unstripped
crop of one year may be on hand until the next. May is
probably the season most favored. The spring sweat comes
in May if bulked or packed ; if not, it will come later, after
which it is bulked down and packed. This sweat sweetens
the tobacco, if its condition is dry ; if too moist, it is injured
in flavor and in color, and has the effect to redden a bright
tobacco and brighten a dark leaf. If the tobacco is very
moist and the sweat excessive, "funking" to some extent
occurs, the injury being estimated at about 5 per cent.,
which can only be avoided by bulking in good order. Nat-
ural seasons are used for stripping and packing. Some ex-
periments have been made with steam or warm air, but not
enough as yet to determine their value.

ASSORTING TOBACCO.

When the tobacco is kept bulked down on the stalk until
the stripping season it is necessary to hang up as much as
can be stripped in a day to " order " for stripping, that is, to
absorb humidity enough to handle without breakage; but,
to avoid the danger of a possible change of color, it is not
allowed to become too soft. An assorter then strips off from
each plant one or two leaves, to be tied by a boy as lugs or
common smokers, and from one to three of the next leaves
for smooth lugs or fancy smokers. These are tied into hands
of eight or ten leaves by the assorter. The remainder of
the leaves is then cast together in a pile, to be assorted into
the various higher grades of leaf and tips. All the leaves of
each grade must be uniform, and every bruised, worm-eaten,
' or injured leaf excluded from the best grades. So particu-
lar are the best planters, that the assorting-houses are con-
structed with a window to the north, that a uniform light
may fall upon the leaf all day, increase or decrease in the
intensity of the light making it very difficult to keep up the
narrow line between the finer grades.

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 183

GRADES of tobacco.

Fine tobacco is variously orraded by different planters and
in different counties in from four to ten grades. The best
average prices round are obtained by those who exercise
most fully a delicate discrimination, which results, when
the crop presents a great variety, in a large number of
grades. The attempt to make the fine carry coarse and in-
ferior leaves results in loss to the planter and benefits only
the rehandler. It is to be understood, however, that the
grading is to be determined by the character of the crop.
When assorted into six grades the proportion of the various
grades in each crop is about as follows ; 1st, one thirteenth ;
2d, one-tenth ; 3d, two-sevenths bright mahogany; 4th, two-
tenths dark mahogany ; 5th, one-fifteenth bright lugs ; 6th,
rest of the crop.

Bright wrappers are sometimes classed in grades 1, 2, 3,
and 4, beside tips, which are sometimes suitable for wrap-
pers. Lugs are generally divided into two grades: sand
lugs and smooth, clean lugs. Sometimes a third grade is
made, called wrapping lugs, composed of larger and better
leaves than the other two, and made of inferior wrapping
leaf and the best lugs. First-grade wrappers are used on
the best brands of chewing tobacco, and the rest on lower
brands, and are bought by all the best manufacturers in the
United States and Canada. Tips are thicker, have more
body, and make first-class fillers. Tobacco commanding the
highest price has a very large leaf, bright yellow and ma-
hogany or a clear, whitish yellow, of good body, with fine
texture, toughness, and elasticity, an oily appearance, small
stems and fibers, and no holes or spots. Body, size and
color are indispensable for the very best. Thin, papery
tobacco, easily torn, brittle, inelastic, and lifeless, will not
bring the best prices, no matter how fine the color.

VALUE OF DIFFERENT GRADES.

Estimates from a number of counties are given — in some
cases two from one county — as the best way to illustrate the
wide range in the prices. These are for 100 pounds, except
where otherwise stated : •

Madison. — Average around $8 to $20.

184 History op Durham.

Buncombe. — Common lugs, $6 to $8; medium lugs, $S
to §10; good fillers, §8 to $10; common wrappers, $10 to
Slo; medium wrappers, $15 to $25; fine wrappers, $25 to
$50; extra wrappers, $50 to $80; small lots, exceedingly
fine, $2 50 per pound.

nm-c's.— Common lugs, $2 to $4 ; good lugs, $4 to $6;
Lright wrappers, $15 to $40.

Yadkin. — Fillers, $3; smokers, $6 ; dark wrappers, $10 ;
bright wrappers, $1G; nondescript, $2.

ForsytJi.— Sixth grade, lug fillers, $2 to $7 ; fifth grade,
bright smoking lugs, 88 to $20; fourth grade, lower grade
fillers, $5 to $7 ; third grade, best fillers, $10 to $15; second
grade, wrappers, $25 to $40; first grade, best bright wrap-
pers, $40 to ^$80.

Wa7ren. — Shipping lugs, $2 to $4; dark nondescript, $4 ;
shipping leaf, $5 to $G; dark wrappers, $10; bright fillers,
$8 ; sweet sun-cured fillers, $10 ; bright smokers, $12 ; bright
wrappers, 830; fancy wrappers, $80 to $100.

Alamance. — Dark lugs, $4 to $6; dark fillers, $4 to $7;
good fillers, $7 to $18; good red wrappers, $18 to $30; com-
mon smokers, $6 to $8; good smokers, $8 to $12; fancy
smokers, $12 to $25; common yellow, $15 to $25 ; good yel-
low, $25 to $50 ; fai.cy yellow, $50 to $75 ; extra yellow, $80
to $90; extra fine, 890 to 8150; small choice lots, $3 per
pound.

Hayivood.— First grade, $100 to $200 ; second, $50 ; third,
$30 ; fourth, $20; fifth, $10 ; sixth, $5; seventh, $4; eighth, $3.

BocJdngJiam. — Common grades, 83 to $6; good fillers, $6
to $12; bright leaf, $15 to $30 ; fine wrappers, $30 to $80.
From the same county : First grade, 850 to $70 ; second,
$30 to $40 ; third, $12 to $20 ; fourth, $8 to $10; fifth, $6 to
$8 ; sixth, $4 to $6.

Granville.— Trash, $3 to $10; good lugs, $10 to $16;
green tips, $8 to $15 ; dark mahogany, $10 to $15 ; bright
mahogany, $25 to $50 ; bright tips, $25 to $5.0 ; fourth grade,
$30 to $75 ; third grade, $60 to $75 ; second grade, $60 to
$80 ; first grade, 890 to $100.

Durham.— Trash, $4 to 810 ; lugs, $10 to $18 ; dark ma-
hogany, $12 to $22; bright mahogany, $25 to $50; bright
leaf. $30 to 60; fine wrappers, $40 to $80; extra fine fanev
wrappers, $1.50 to $3.00 ; fillers, $10 to $25.

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 185

VALUE of lands— cost OF PRODUCTION, ETC.

Granville and Rockingham counties may be taken as
fairly typical as to the character of the product, value of
lands, cost of production, etc. Want of transportation fa-
cilities, nearness or remoteness of markets, and the cost of
fertilizers as affected by freights, would alter some of th^
figures given if applied to other counties.

Granville county. ~1:\\q price of the best lands is about
an average of $42 per acre; yield, 000 pounds. Inferior
lands are worth §5 to $7 ; yield, oOO pounds of inferior
tobacco. The rental value is one-fourth of the crop, or for
best lands, $25 in money per acre. Wages, by the day,' for
field hands, 50 cents and board ; by the year, $100 to $150
without board, or $80 with board. Estimated cost on the
best soils, $10 to $12.50 per hundred pounds. In the northern
part of this county a considerable amount of red, coarse
shipping tobacco is raised, which greatly reduces the average
price for the county.
Estimate of crop of fine tobacco for one man :

Rent, 2 acres § 10 00

Labor,six months 50 qo

Board of laborer, six months 42 00

Horse and feed 10 00

Use of wagon and plow 3 5q

Use of barn and packing-house 3 00

Firing-wood, 9 loads, at $1 9 00

Fertilizers 15 00

Hauling to market 2 00

Total cost for 2 acres %V^^ 50

Product, 1,200 pounds, at 35 cents 420 00

Profit $265 50

Cost per hundred pounds $12~87^

Profit per hundred pounds 22 I2I

Inspection and selling cost 81 to $1.50 per 100 pounds
Wlien sold loose, the crop is placed in piles of separate <rrades
upon the floor of the warehouse and sold by auction and

1S6 History of Durham.

2J per ceDt. commission and 25 cents a pile, auctioneer's fee,
are charged. The piles in weight range from 8 or 10
pounds to 300 or more. The following accounts of sales
show the cost of marketing in Granville, as well as the pro-
portions of grades and range of prices in a good crop :

SALES OF 1,127 POUNDS.

54 pounds, at 88 cents $ 47 52

149 pounds, at 67* cents 100 57

97 pounds, at 80 cents 77 00

228pounds,at67* cents 153 90

■ 90 pounds, at 60 cents 54 00

34 pounds, at 51 1 cents 17 51

167 pounds, at 34| cents 57 61

308 pounds, at 40" cents 123 20

$631 91
Charges 22 31

Netproceeds 1609 60

Tlie usual average in Granville does not exceed $150 to
the hand, but there are frequent instances of profits of §500
or more. From two to two and a half acres are planted to
the hand, and the cost of production is diminished by such
increase of crop as will employ a full set of tools and keep
the team busy.

Rockingham county. — Price of good tobacco lands, $10
to $25 per acre; yield of such lands with manure, 500
pounds. Inferior lands are worth $5 to $7, and yield with
manure 500 pounds of inferior tobacco. The rental is one-
fourth of the crop. Wages by the day: Men, 40 cents;
women 25 cents with board. Skillful tobacco liands- com-
mand from $15 to $24 per annum more than ordinary farm
laborers, and double what they could get in the shipping-
tobacco regions. •

The cost of production decreases going west, and this
may be regarded as about the averRge cost of growing to-
bacco in North Carolina. An account of sales of a small
crop is given, which shows the proportion of grades, range
of prices, and cost of marketing fine tobacco in this county:

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina.

18-

152 pounds, at io>^ cents $ 15 96

224 pounds, at 12 cents 26 8S

286 pounds, at 30 cents 85 80

37 pounds, at 53 19 61

699 pounds. $148 25

CHARGES.

Warehouse $0 70

Auction fees 85

Commission, 2 j^ per cent 3 70

$ 5 25

Net proceeds S143 00

The following statement shows the proJ action, acreage,
yield per acre, value of the crop in famers' hand or in pri-
mary markets, value per pound, and value per acre of the
tobacco cro[)S of North Carolina for the years 1876 to 1879,
inclusive, only the figures for 1879 being fiom the census
returns:

-0

i-<

L- rt

*-• ^

.£ "~

OJ 0

0 r

""sj

« rt

..-^

...

rt '~'

K-»

Pounds.

Cents.

T876

20,351,152

43,672

466

$2,849,161

14.00

$65 24

1877

22,819,790

46,571

490

2,567,226

11.25

55 12

1878

21,801,525

46,885

465

3.270,229

15.00

69 75

1879

26,986,213

57.208

472

3,805,056

14.10

66 61

It will be observed that the quantity produced each year
varies less than in most of the States producing tobacco.
This is due, iu part, to the practice auiong farmers of
making artificial "seasons " by watering the hills when the
weather continues at planting time. In this way they never
fail to get a crop planted.

It will also be observed that the value per acre is very
low. This arises from the fact that fully three fifths of the
product is of a very inferior brown nondescript leaf, bring-
ing very low prices. No idea can be gained from tliis tab-
ular statement of the 'profits of grown yellow tobacco on
soils well adapted to its production. The value of the pro-
duct upon suitable soils often reaches $250 to $400 per acre.

It is possible that the average price returned in the sched-

188

History of Durham.

ules is too high ; but the average of all grades in the mar-
ket at Danville for the year ending September 30, 18S0, was
$11.38 per hundred pounds, and it is generally conceded
that the finest tobacco, and that which brings the highest
prices in that market, is grown in North Carolina. It is
therefore believed that the prices given in the schedules are
very nearly correct.

It seems best to make a distinction between the bright-
yellow tobacco region proper and that section of the Pied-
mont district, which, while entitled to be placed within the
area of "bright-yellow" production, is especially charac-
terized by its "mahogany tobacco."

SOIL ANALYSES.

Silica, soluble .
Silica, insoluble

Alumina

Oxide of iron. .

Lime

Magnesia

Potash

Soda

Phosphoric acid
Sulphuric acid.

Chlorine

Organic matter
Water

2.67
Sg.oo
2.40
0.24
0.23
o. 10
0.04
0.00
0.04
o.oi
0.02
4.90
0.40

1.24
91.96
1.24
0.52
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.00
0.04
0.03
0.01

4-15
0.80

4-35
90.35
1.22
0.42
0.20
0.76
0.06
0.00
trace,
trace.
0.02
2.50
0.30

4r.

I. 10

96. [O
0.71
0.65
0.13
0.14
0.07
0.00

trace.

trace.
0.01
2.40
0.20

0.67
76.88
12.46
3-57
0.51
0.33
0.16

0.45
0.09
0.02
trace.
4.60
1.07

6*.

3.84
77.06
6.97
4.07
o.io
0.29

O.II

0.00
0.05

trace.
0.06
6.65
1. 10

The first three of these repersent the bright- tobacco soils
of the first district, the first from Sampson county, the
second from Wilson, and the third from Columbus. They
are just such soils as produce the bright yellow tobacco, and
represent a large proportion of the lands of the district.
No. 4 is from one of the most famous of the bright-yellow
tobacco localities in the southeast corner of Person county.
The sample was taken from a farm, part of whose product
was sold at $2 per pound. It was taken one foot deep (as
all the others) in the forest adjoining the field where the
fine " fancy bright " had been raised. The growth is post
oak and white oak of moderate size, hickory, dogwood, sour-
wood, and a few pines. The soil is sandy and gravelly, of
a light-gray color, and the subsoil is of the same texture,
but yellowish in color. The rock is quartzose, feldspathic,
slaty gnesis.

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 189

No. 5 is from the bright tobacco section of Catawba county,
in tlie Piedmont district, in the town of Hickory. The
. growth is medium to small-sized oak. blackjack, sourwood
and pine: the soil yellowish gra}', a little sand}^ : the sub-
soil yellowish brown, sandy.

No. G is from Mitchell county. It does not represent the
precise variety of soils on which the fine tobacco of that
county is produced. It is very much like the last in color and
texture, but is much poorer. The growth is chestnut, Span-
ish oak, post oak, sourwood, and laurel [kaltnia). These last
two soils resemble more the mahogany tobacco soils of
Henry and Franklin counties, in Virginia,

These are all virgin soils, and therefore contain a much
higher percentage of humus than ordinary cultivated bright
tobacco soils, this element being subject to very rapid
diminution on account of the sandy and porus texture of
the soil, and of course but a small percentage of it is in an
available condition.

All of these soils would be classed as poor from the anal-
ysis. The low i^ercentage of clay and of iron is also nota-
ble, except the last two, which arc not bright-tobacco soils.

CHAPTER II.

Extra Important Information.

Seed Beds — Insect Enemies of the Tobacco Plant —
Diseases of the Plant — The Bonsack Cigarette
Machine.

The following facts have been gleaned from the very high-
est authority, at considerable expense, and may be relied
upon as accurate. They will be found of great benefit to plant-
ers and others interested in the " weed." We are indebted
mainly to ]\Iajor Ragland and John Ott, Esq., of Virginia,
and the Commissioner of Census, at Washington, D. C., for

190 History of Durham,

i-mportant information, and we desire here to tender our
thanks lor the same.

Seed Beds.

Tiic methods of preparing: seed beds are substantially the
same in North Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee
and other Southein tobacco-growing States, such variations
as exist depending altogetlier on local conditions.

The site for a plant-bed most usually preferred is that
having a southern or southeastern exposure, that it raaj'
have the genial and fructifying warmth of the sun in early
spring, so that the plants may be set out before the hot
weather of summer. If the bed can be located near a
stream, fogs will quicken the germination of the seed and
the growth of the plants. Probably the best possible loca-
tion is on a gently-sloping hill, on the north side of a run-
ning stream, but sufficiently elevated to be above any dajii-
ger from overflows. In such situations plants are often
two weeks in advance of those in beds prepared on level
land. The timber growth may be of any kind that denotes
fertility of soil.

In Virginia, Kentucky and Tennessee a dark-colored,
almost a black, soil is preferred, because it is more readily
warmed b^' the ra3'S of the sun, and retains the heat much
longer than lighL-colored soils. For the same* reason a
sligiit intermixture of gravel will be of advantage. In
North Carolina, although many planters prefer a black
soil, free from sand or gravel, the majority of fine tobacco-
growers choose a sandy soil, such as that in which the plant
is to be grown to maturity. .

In Virginia, exce()t where wood for the purpose is scarce,
in North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and in
many tobacco districts in other States, the practice of burn-
ing over the seed-beds is general. The burning is not
slight, as in the Connecticut valley, where this appears to
be done simply to destroy the seeds of weeds and gravs, but
the soil is burnt until it shows a reddish tinge. Several
methods of burning are practiced. In all cases the wild
growth is first cut off with an axe and not dug up. Leaves
and trash are carefully raked off from the bed space. If the
intention is to burn with logs, skids or poles are laid down
four feet apart, and a layer of logs and smaller wood, four
or five feet wide, is built upon the skids, the object being to

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 191

keep the wood from resting on the ground, so that the heat
may have full play upon tlie surface of the soil. The fires
being set, they are kept burning for two hours or more,
when the whole layer is moved forward by hooks, so as to
cover another space of the intended seed-bed; and this is
ke{)t up until a plat is burned as large as desired. Another
method is to la}' down brush and bits of wood atone end of
the bed space until the pile is five or six feet high. Apjiiust
this pile brush from tree tops is placed in a position nearlv
vertical, inclining against the foundation sufiiciently to
prevent its falling back on the bed ; and this is continued
until the full space intended for the plant bed is covered.
A platform of wood is then put on top of the brush, and the
fire set on the windward side. Still another plan is some-
times adopted, which saves ihe hard labor of covering the
brush with heavy wood. After a width of 8 feet of the bed
space has been covered with brush placed in a nearly ver-
tical position, logs or sticks of wood 8 feet long are set on
end, leaning against the brush. Eight feet more of brush
is followed by another layer of wood, and so on until the
whole space is covered. When fired, the brush burns out
quickly, but not before it has set the wood on fire, which,
falling all in one direction, covers the whole surface with
hotly-burning wood. Old broken rails, thrown aside in
resetting fences, and old logs from dilapidated buildings are
preferred, because they are thoroughly seasoned and burn
freely.

When the bed has cooled off it is generally dug up with
grub hoes or worked lightly and closely with a colter plow.
The ashes should be left on the bed, and in working the
soil it should be reversed as little as possible. All grubs,
roots, and large stones should be removed, and the surface
soil should be worked thoroughly and carefully several
times with hoes or rakes until it is perfectly light and mel-
low. When in proper condition marks are made four feet
apart to regulate the sowing of the seed. About one large
heaping tablcspoonful is enough to sow one hundred square
yards. The seed is mixed with ashes oi* plaster, one half
of the mixture being sown as evenly as possible over the
entire bed, when the other half is sown in the same way.
This is in order to secure a more equal distribution of
the seed. The bed is then tramped or rolled, and finally
covered with light brush — the smaller branches of dogwood,

192 History op Durham.

oak, gum, or sassafras — not thick enough to exclude the
sunlight, but sufficient to protect the plants from frosts and
the chilling and drying effects of the March v.'inds. The
brush also serves to keep the bed moist. Some care is re-
quired to put the brush upon the bed properly. The butt
ends of the first layer should be laid on the ground outside
the bed, the soft brush resting upo)i the bed, tiiose of the
second layer resting upon the bushy part of the first, and
so on until the bed is covered by successive layers. In this
way the thick, heavy ends, which would interfere seriously
with the growth of the young plants, are kept above the
surface of the bed. A covering of this kind will protect the
plants against very hard freezing. In Wisconsin and in
northern Illinois marsh or prairie hay is used, just enough
to mitigate the severity of the rays of the sun and prevent
the drying of the surface by winds until the plants start to
grow, which requires a period of two or three weeks,
when the hay is removed.

The covering of brush is generally allowed to remain upon
the bed until the plants are nearly large enough to set out,
but it may be necessary to remove it temporarily, in order
to pick off any leaves or other trash which the winds are
apt to drive u[)on the beds. To prevent the accumulation
of leaves upon a bed prepared in or near a forest wicker
fences, built of brush interwoven between sticks driven into
the ground, have been found ver}^ efficient.

Trenches dug across the upper end of the bed and along
the sides prevent flood-water from sweeping over the sur-
face. Heavy rains are sometimes very injurious, washing
the seeds from a portion of the surface and depositing them
in depressions.

It is the usual custom to defer manurial applications un-
til the plants are up and well started. Liquid manures are
frequently used at this stage. A tight barrel, half filled
with cow dung, is placed near the bed, water is added to fill
the barrel, the mixture is stirred until it is a semi-liquid
mass, and this is sprinkled on the bed with an old broom.
Some prefer a solution of guano, a gallon of this fertilizer
being mixed with a barrel of water and sprinkled upon the
plants. These applications may be repeated one or more
times with decidedly good results. Land plaster has proven
to be a good application, giving a deep green color to the
plants, indicating vigorous and healthy growth.

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 193

A hundred methods are practiced or suggested to prevent
the ravages of the flea-beetle, but only one plan lias proven
really effective — to cover the bed closely wiih canvas or
unbleached cotton cloth. A frame is first made around the
bed of planks 8 or 10 inches high, care being taken to close
every crevice between the planks and the ground. A few
wires may be stretched across, the better to hold up the
cloth, which is stretched over the frame and closelj' tacked
upon the edges. In place of the wires, a small quantit}' of
light brush thrown upon the bed will help sustain the
weight of the cloth. A better plan would be to construct
a number of smaller frames, of proper width and not more
than 6 or 8 feet in length, upon which the cloth may be
stretched and neatly fastened, a sufficient number of these
frames being provided to cover the intended plant-bed.
yuch frames, with their covering, could be removed when
no longer needed and stored for future use. If the cloth is
treated with a single coat of white lead and oil, such as is
used for the first coat of outside work on wood, it will last
several seasons with ordinary care. Still another plan may
be found more economical. The frames may be made and
properly braced by cross-pieces let in flush with the upper
edges of the planks. The cloth or canvas may be some
three inches longer and wider than the frames, and hemmed
upon the edges, and eyelet holes may be worked along the
edges, two feet or less apart, in which cords may be fastened
by which to stretch the cloth and tie it down closely over
the frames to nails, hooks, or wooden pegs driven into the
outer faces of the frame planks, three or four inches below
the upper edges. Other devices will suggest themselves to
the intelligent farmer, by which he can make the cloth cov-
ering effective, easily handled, and economical.

When the plants are nearly large enough to be set out
this protecting cover should be taken off in the morning
for two or three days and replaced in the afternoon, that the
plants may be gradually hardened by exposure to the direct
rays of the sun and better fitted for transplanting.

It often happens that a dry season occurs after the first
drawing of plants, and those that remain on the bed cease
to grow, turn yellow, and perhaps die. One or two planks
and a lew blocks of wood should be provided. A block on
each side of the bed will support a plank, upon which the
person drawing the plants should stand. Nothing injures

194 History of Durham.

a plant-bed so much as compacting it when wet, and as
plants are almost always drawn when the soil is wet no
pains should be spared to prevent treading upon or other-
wise compressing the bed. If from any cause the plants
begin to turn yellow and wither away shade must be {)ro-
vided by buikling over the bed a low arbor of green boughs
and watering the surface copiously. This will almost al-
ways give new vitality to the enfeebled plants.

A practice of many good planters is to re?ow the beds
with about half the quantity of seed originally used as
soon as the first plants appear, so that if the first plants are
destroyed in any manner the seed last sown will be under-
going the process of germination and a second crop of
plants will be assured.

In Tennessee and in North Carolina plant-beds may be
prepared and sown at any time from the first of November
until the first of April. Prepared while wet or frozen, a
plant-bed rarely does well. Beds are usually burned in
February or March ; but if the burning is done in the fall,
when the soil is dry, less fuel is needed, and the prepared
bed may be left, to the meliorating influences of the winter
freezing, to be sown in the early spring. Many good farm-
'ers sow the fall burned beds as soon as prepared, but there
is some risk in so doing. Heavy rains and melting snows
are apt to wash or drift the seeds, and so disturb their uni-
form distribution. One of the best tobacco growers in the
South says that a rod of land well burned in the fall will
furnish as many good plants as twice the area burned in
February or March.

In some parts of Virginia and Maryland, and in districts
where wood and brush are scarce, farmers have succeeded
in growing good plants upon plats of clean soil without
burning by the use of guano, raked into the surface, or as
a top dressing, applied at the time of sowing the seed, about
40 pounds per hundred square yards. Others select a
standing bed, one that has produced plants well, in a warm
location, neither too wet nor too dry; colter over the bed
after the planting season is past and before any grass or
weeds have gone to seed upon the plat; cover with straw,
leaves, or brush with the leaves on, or with all of them, so
thick as to completely hide the surface and prevent vege-
table growth. A bed is thus made ready for burning at
some dry time from November to January, or later, which

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 195

is done by simply applying a torch. By this method a
standing plant-bed can be annually prepared wliich. if
heavily manured, will become better each succeeding 3'ear.

In Pennsylvania, New York, the New England stales, and
in Ohio, burning is rarely practiced, and then only so far
as may be thought necessary to destroy weed and gruss seeds
in the upper surface soil. The same seed-bed is used for
successive years, kept clear of grass and weeds throughout
the year and heavily enriched by an addition of fresii loam
from the woodlands, composts of stable manures thoroughly
rotted, and so .handled that no foreign seeds capable of ger-
mination are left therein, and frequently top-dressings of
good commercial fertilizers are used. The most successful
growers in Ohio and in New York use manures from the
hog-pen, as not only the richest, but as most likely to be
free from noxious seeds. In the New England states seed-
beds are enriched with guano, castor pomace, well-rotted
stable manure, the refuse of the fish oil factories, or some
one of the numerous manufactured fertilizers. In most of
the northern stales it is a very common practice to sprout
the tobacco seed i,efore sowing. The seeds are mixed with
dark, rich loam, or, what is better, as in Wisconsin, with
fineh'-pulverized rotten wood from the hollow of an old
stump or log, and i)laced in a pan or a dish in a warm place
and kept moderately damp by frequent sprinkling with
tepid water. The seeds germinate under such conditions
in about two weeks, and are sown as soon as danger of frost
is passed. Another plan is to spread the seeds very thinly
upon a piece of dampened cotton cloth and cover them with
another cloth, but of wool ; the two are made into a loose
roll, the woolen cloth outside. This roll is kept ia a warm
place, dipped in tepid water every day, and the white germs
appear in from four to six days. In northern Illinois simi-
lar cloths are kept moist and warm in a pan of earth, of
which there is a layer above as well as below the cloths.
Great care is necessary in all these forcing processes. Some-
times the soil of the plant-bed is too wet, or otherwise not
in proper condition when the seeds are ready, and when a
delay of a day or two may render the sprouted seeds useless.
The prudent man provides against such danger by prepar-
ing several lots of seed at intervals of several days.

The most common error in sowing tobacco seed, both
north and south, is in using too much seed. Tobacco seeds

196 History of Durham.

are exceeding!}' small, an ounce containing about 340,000
seeds. One large, well-developed tobacco plant will produce
seed enough to grow plants to set 10 acres certain!}'-, and,
should all of them germinate and grow, enough to set out
100 acres. Crowded plants must struggle for existence, are
never strong and vigorous, and bear transplanting badly;
those that have room enough to grow thriftily will have a
thick tuft of roots, a low, stocky top, and a vigorous consti-
tution, growing off quickly when transplanted. It is far
better economy to increase the size of the bed than to at-
tempt to produce a large number of plants by .thick seeding.
A btd of 100 square yards will usually furnish plants
enough to set 6 or 7 acress; sometimes a bed of this size
will produce enough to set 10 acres. No tobacco-grower
ever regrets having a surplus of plants, for in that case he
can select the best and set out his whole crop early. On
new land very small plants may be set, and at any time
immediately after the late frosts without risk. For old
lands j)lants should be a little more advanced than such as
can be safely planted upon new lands, but as the season
advances larger plants are required for both old and new
lands.

INSECT ENEMIES OF THE TOBACCO PLANT.

From the first appearance of the minute seed-leaves in
the plant-bed until the tobacco is cut and hung in the barn
the patience and watchfulness of the farmer are taxed to
guard against the depredations of insects.

Among the earliest to appear, often attacking the plants
and destroying them so early as to make the planter doubt
w^iether the seed had even germinated, are the " garden
fleas," sometimes called "snow fleas" and "spring-tails"
{SmyniJLU7ms hortensis). When viewed from the upper side
(dorsal view), the most conspicuous divisions are a large
head and an abdomen perfectly smooth and plump, without
any segmental cross lines. The thorax seems confluent
with the abdomen. Beneath are some transverse wrinkles,
indicating segmental divisions. The antennee are three-
fourths as long as the body, elbowed about the middle, and
are composed of nine joints, six very short and three very
long. Projecting from the posterior of the abdomen is a
cone-shaped process, composed of three distinctly marked

Tobacco Interests op North Carolina. 197

segmental lines, that appear to be a caudal termination of
the body. On the lower side of the abdomen, and near its
end, is a forked member (a spring-tail), which lies folded up
against the under side and reaches as far forward as the
head, in which lies its leaping power. Its feet, six in num-
ber,are united apparently to the frontof the abdomen, which,
from a ventral xiew, exhibits a rudimental sternum, com-
pensating for the absence of the thorax usual in insects.
This insect has neither wings nor wing covers, and from a
top view might be mistaken for a small, black spider by a
novice if he did not know that a spider has eight feet, and
that the head and thorax are confluent, instead of the tho-
rax and abdomen. These insects are capable of bearing a
low temperature, and are frequently found upon the surface
of the snow, from whence comes the name of " snow flea."
Tobacco-growers complain of these pests under the name
of " black fly," " black spider," etc. Their larval and pupal
histories seem to be unknown. They are found in all the
states of the Atlantic coast, but have not been observed in
the interior. They appear as far north as Lancaster county,.
Pennsylvania, during the months of May and June, but by
the first of July they have disappeared, and nothing more
is seen of them until the following spring. As a remedy
flour of sulphur has been highly recommended. These
insects are very delicate in their structure, and cannot be
taken between the fingers without crushing them. As it is
evident that the first stages of their development must be
passed underground and not far below the surface, it is
suggested that where tobacco-beds are not burned the soil
be prepared early, thoroughly pulverized, and copiously
drenched with scalding water three or four times in as
many days before the seed is sown.

From all parts of the United States come reports that the
flea-beetle is the most persistent and most dreaded enemy of
the young tobacco plants. Several species of these insects
are well known to every farmer and gardener from the Gulf
of Mexico to Canada. The cabbage flea {Hallica striolata) is
found in North Carolina and Tennessee in the latter part of
March or early in April, sometimes in immense numbers,
in the newly-planted cotton fields, feeding upon the seed-
leaves of the young plants. Dr. Rathoon, of Pennsylvania,
describes two species of the genus Epiirix, family Halticice,
as follows : The Epitrix aucumeris is black all over, except
13

198 History of Durham.

the antenn£e and the feet. The thorax is thickly punctured,
and the wing covers conspicuously striated and punctured
between the striae. The Epitrix pubescenes is slightly more
oblong, and not quite so convexed as the former, but other-
wise is about the same size. 1'he whole of the body beneath
is of a dull-black color, including also the posterior thighs.
The feet, the antennse (which are slightly serrated along the
anterior margin), and the whole of the dorsal or upper part
of the body, are of a honey-yellow color, except about a
third of the middle portion of the wing covers, which is a
dusky black. The thorax is of a much brighter color than
the other upper portions of the body, and the eyes are very
black, their composite character being more distinct than
in the first-named species ; and except the thorax, the upper
and lower part of the whole body is pubescent. This pu-
bescence is conspicuous in rows between the striae of the wing
covers and along the margins of the abdominal segments.
This species is the most troublesome to the young cotton
and cabbage plants of the middle Southern States. They
also attack the seed-leaves of beans and other leguminous
plants, but appear to have an especial fondness for tobacco.
These insects are about one- sixteenth to one tenth of an inch
in length.

The above-named and other species of the Halticans feed
on a variety of plants. The sweet potato, cabbage, beet,
turnip, radish, horseradish, common nettle, and the James-
town weed are all infested by one or the other and often by
the same species of this omnivorous family. When dis-
turbed, the fiea-beetles leap off the plants and hide them-
selves quickly in the dry soil or under small clods. Various
solutions, poisonous or simply distasteful to these insects,
have been used with successful results. Ashes, slaked lime,
and soot, dusted upon melon, cucumber, potato, and turnip
plants, and applied in the morning, when the dew is on the
plants and while the beetles are sluggish, are effectual in
most instances. Of various plans to keep them from tobac-
co-beds probably the only certain protection is to cover the
seed-bed with cfoth, as suggested heretofore.

Transplanted into the field, the tobacco plant is exposed
to the attacks of other insects. The greasy cut-worm usually
cuts off the plant just beneath the surface of the soil without
cutting the top at all. When these worms are disturbed,
they immediately coil themselves into a ring. They do not

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 199

like the sunlight, and during the day bury themselves in
the lower soil in the vicinity of the plant. When grown,
they are from 1^ to H inches long. They bur}' themselves
beneath the soil to pupate. The pupa is three-fourths of an
inch in length, of a shining or glossy light-brown color, and
the anterior margin of the segments is dark brown. The
anal segment is armed with two very small spines or points,
by the assistance of which it pushes itself toward the sur-
face about the time the moth is evolved. This moth is com-
monly called the Lance Rustic, from the dark-brown, lance-
shaped spots on the anterior wings, which are a light brown
in color. The hind wings are lustrous and whitish in color,
with a grayish margin. The antennae of the females are
filamental or threadlike; but in the male, along the inner
margin near the base, they are more or less pectinated. The
body of the largest specimens is three-fourths of an inch in
length, and the wings expand If inches from tip to tip.
Cut-worms are largely preyed upon by hyraenopterous and
other parasites, and there is no better or safer remedy than
hand-picking while they are yet in the larval state, dis-
criminating in favor of the parasites when seen and known.
Toads, lizards, snakes, and moles are all very useful in keep-
ing these worms in check, and should be protected, except-
ing, of course, poisonous snakes. The cut-worms, in vari-
ous stages of development, may be found in the earth dur-
ing the entire w^inter, too torpid to feed until the return of
warm weather. This accounts for their appearance and
their advanced physical condition so early in the season.
When cut-worms exist in large numbers, as in grass or
clover sod or in fields not cleanly cultivated, fall or winter
plowings, to expose as much as possible the upper soil to
the severe freezings of midwinter, are absolutely necessary
to secure a good stand of tobacco; but no matter how hard
the frosts, nor how often the ground is plowed, some of the
worms will survive, making daily inspection of the newly-
planted iield indispensable for an even stand of plants.

Wire-worms do not attack the leaf, but bore into the
stems of the plants at the surface of the ground and work
their way upward. After the tobacco gets a fair start in
growth, nothing is seen of these worms for the remainder of
the season. They are the larvte of " click-beetles," or " ham-
mer-bugs" {Elateridce). These worms are sometimes very
numerous. In April and early in May, sometimes as late

200 History of Durham.

as the first of June, some of these species are very destructive
in the corn-fields, especially upon lands which have been
lying out for some years; but they are rarely troublesome
in well-cultivated fields.

In Ohio, Pennsylvania, and perhaps farther northward,
the HeliotJm armigera (the southern boll-worm, or corn-
worm) is sometimes found feeding upon the seed-leaves of
young tobacco plants, but south of 35° these worms are
rarely known to attack tobacco plants, since the}' find more
appropriate food in abundance.

Some reliable authorities state that in the earlier
stages of growth in the field, tobacco plants have been at-
tacked by the Epilachim borealis (northern lady bird). This
insect is shaped like the common " box turtle," is of a lemon-
yellow color, spotted all over with black, and when caught
in the hand emits a few drops of a clear yellow fluid of un-
pleasant odor. It is nearly as large as the Colorado potato
beetle, but rather more hemispherical, and the larva, pupa,
and imago are often found together on the same plant. They
are usually found upon pumpkin, melon, and cucumber
vines. The larva is a short, convexed slug, of a uniform
bright yellow color, covered all over with short, bristly
hairs, and has a pair of very black eyes. It undergoes all
its transformations on the plants it infests, and the pupa is
suspended by the adhesion of the caudal extremity. This
species and several others of the same family hibernate be-
neath the rough outer bark of the wild cherry, and some-
times upon the apple trees in neglected orchards. These
insects, as well as some others hereafter mentioned, are
rarely found upon tobacco plants except near trees of shrub-
bery or close to fences.

Tree crickets {CEcanihiis niveus) are often found upon to-
bacco plants in Tennessee, North Carolina and other south-
ern tobacco regions in July and August, and in Pennsylva-
nia and farther north in August. Though usually found
on trees, these crickets show a decided partiality for tobacco^
perforating the tender top leaves about the time they are
expanding. It does not kill the leaf nor arrest its growth^
but the holes increase in size. Although these holes are
circular when first made, they become oblong as the leaves
lengthen, and always in the longitudinal direction of the
leaf. These crickets, when young, either leap away or hide
among the leaves when approached, but after their wings

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 201

are fully developed they can both leap and fly to a consid-
erable distance. The male tree cricket is nearl}' white,
sometimes tinged with green; the wings lie flat on the back,
one lapped over on the other; the legs are all long and slen-
der, the posterior pair much the longest, and formed for
leaping; the antenna3 are very long and thread-like, and
are generally thrown backward when the animal is at rest.
The female is more robust and shorter in the body; the
wings are short and deflexed, and her color is various
shades of green and brown. Her legs and antennre are also
shorter than those of the male, and at the end of the abdo-
man she is provided with a sword-like ovipositor. She per-
forates the raspberry and blackberry canes, as well as the
tender branches of other shrubbery, with this instrument,
and deposits her eggs therein, where they remain all winter
and hatch in the spring. Tobacco cultivators have noticed
that these insects are most abundant on tobacco growing
under or near trees. Clean culture, and the clearing up of
fence corners and neglected spots about the tobacco fields,
will do much to prevent injury by crickets.

Various species of grasshoppers, especially the meadow
grasshopper {OrchUcmum vulgare), sometimes feed upon the
tobacco plant, eating the leaves of the newly-set plants while
in a wilted condition, but the injury from this source is
slight, and rarely occurs with any but late plantings.

Several species of hemipterous insects puncture tobacco
plants. These insects are true bugs, and are not provided
with mandibular organs. They do not eat the plant nor
cut holes in it, but are provided with a sharp proboscis,
with which they pierce the plant and suck out its juices.
One of these, the Phytocoris linearis, is a small gray insect
about a quarter of an inch long, having generally a con-
spicuous yellowish V-shaped mark on the back, occupying
that part called the scutellum. This bug is found upon the
potato, and has been observed in Tennessee upon parsnip,
tomato, and late cabbage plants. The Euschistus j)ii-^icticeps
is a much larger insect than that last described, and is ca-
pable of greater injury. It belongs to the family SciUellari-
dos, distinguished by a triangular lobe that extends from the
base of the thorax downward on the wing covers. This in-
sect is half an inch long and three-eighths of an inch across
at the broadest part. Above, it is of a yellowish color, and
closely punctured darkly, giving it a grayish hue; below,

202 History of Durham.

it is a light greenish yellow. It has a longer and more slen-
der proboscis than the species that prey upon other insects;
otherwise it might easily be confounded with them, and no
doubt frequently is. It also lacks the thoracic spines; but
tiiese are very variable in their development, and not always
a safe distinguishing characteristic. These bugs are found
on mulleins, thistles, and other weeds, and have also been
found upon tobacco plants in several localities, feeding upon
the sap of the leaves, but it is doubtful whether any great
injury can be charged to their account. The ordinary ob-
server is apt to mistake the purpose for which many insects
visit various plants. The spined tree-bug {Podisus spinosus),
the large tree-bug {Podisus cynicus), the Stiretrus diana (a
plant bug of a purple-black color, with red or orange marks
on the thorax and scutellum), and the Stiretrus fimbriatus,
the ground colors of which are orange or yellow, with black
markings, are sometimes found upon or in the immediate
neighborhood of tobacco plants. These bugs should not be
destroyed, unless upon careful examination they are found
actually feeding upon the juices of the leaves, as it is more
than probable that their presence is beneficial, rather than
injurious.

From the early part of June until the sharp frosts destroy
their food in the fall, the larvae of the sphinx moths infest
the tobacco. In Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee,
and Missouri both the SpJtinx Carolina and the Sphinx quin-
quemaculata are found, and they are both reported as found
in the tobacco fields as far north as latitude 41° 30'. South
of latitude 35° only the Sphijix ca7^o^ma has been observed. The
larvae of these two Sphingidoe are so well known to all tobacco
growers as to need no description here. They have always
been regarded as the most inveterate enemies ol the to-
bacco plant, and, despite plans adopted for their destruc-
tion, the horn-worms seem to be as numerous as ever.
In some seasons there are comparatively few in certain
localities, but it has been noticed that the fields of such
districts are often visited late in July or August of the
next year by a "heavy shower" of horn-worms. Com-
parative immunity for one season too often causes the
farmer to neglect the destruction of the late brood of
worms left upon the suckers which spring up after the crop
is harvested, large numbers punating'and hibernating, pro-
tected by the forgotten and neglected trash of the tobacco

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 20c

field. Catching the moths with ingeniously-contrived traps,
poisoning them with sweetened cobalt dropped into the
bloom of the Jamestown weed, or killing them with pad-
dles as they hover about the tobacco plants after sunset, are
all practiced. Recently, as in Tennessee, porcelain imita-
tions of the blossom of the Jamestown weed have been in-
troduced. These are fastened upon sticks, set up at short
distances apart throughout the tobacco field, and are supplied
wath a few drops of poisoned sirup. They are cheap, will
last with ordinary care a lifetime, and are highly recom-
mended by planters who have used them. A knowledge of
the transformations of these insects will enable the obser-
vant farmer to do much to reduce their numbers, and if it
were possible to secure prompt measures throughout a con-
siderable section of country, or even by the growers of a
large neighborhood, much disagreeable labor might be
saved.

The moth deposits an egg of a sea-green color, not larger
than a mustard seed, upon the surface of the leaf. This
egg gradually assumes a cream color, and from it, in due
time, a tiny worm issues, not larger than a horse hair, and
about one-eighth of an inch in length. The process of
hatching embraces from twenty-four to thirty-six hours, de-
pending upon tiie condition of the weather. The worm
begins to eat immediately, making first a small hole in the
leaf, through which it passes in iiot weather to the under
side, and occasionally the eggs are there deposited by the
moth. This worm, though voracious, does little damage for
four or five days. Its power of destruction increases ex-
ceedingly with each day, and this makes it highly ipipor-
tant to go over the field often in search of them.

When the horn-worm has attained full size it stops eating,
comes down from the plant, and usually burrows into the
ground close to its last feeding place, but not unfrequently
crawls away some distance to find soil suQiciently soft to
enable it to get some inches below the surface. Here it
becomes quiescent, casts ofi" its larva skin, and asuimes its
pupal form. It is now oval in shape, four times as long as
it is thick, about 1^ inches in length, and the iiard, glossy
envelope is of a bright chestnut color. The forward end is
prolonged into a long, tube-like appendage, bent backward
and firmly attached to the chest, forming a loop like a
pitcher-handle, this tube ensheathing the tongue, which is

204 History of Durham.

so remarkably developed in the perfect moth. Onlj' under
peculiar circumstances are these pupae found at a greater
depth than may be reached by deep plowing. A further
means of reducing the number of these insects is therefore
by fall or winter plowing the tobacco fields. It must be
said, however, that even if every egg, worm, moth, and
chrysalid in a given neighborhood were destroyed, high
winds, or even the lighter breezes of the summer evenings,
bring other moths many miles. The tobacco grower should
instruct those in his employ not to destroy any horn-worm
found with the cocoons of the parasite Microgaster congre-
gata attached to its body. These cocoons are white, of a
regular oval form, a little more than an eighth of an inch
long and about one-sixteenth of an inch broad, and resem-
bles small grains of rice. From ten to a hundred of these
cocoons are found upon a single horn-worm. The worm so
infested may be removed from the tobacco plant, but should
be handled carefully and placed where the cocoons may not
be injured, so that the parasites may hatch undisturbed.
The flies which issue from the cocoons are black, with clear,
transparent wings and legs of a bright tawny color, the hue
of beeswax, with the hind feet and the tips of the hind
shanks dusky.

The testimony of all tobacco growers points to the one
conclusion about insect enemies. No methods of preven-
tion or destruction can justify a single's day's neglect to
search for and destroy cut-worms about newly-set plants
and the eggs and larva? of the sphinx moth upon the ex-
panded leaves throughout the season.

DISEASES OF THE TOBACCO PLANT.

The tobacco plant is subject to certain diseases, few in
number, however, and rarely resulting in very serious dam-
age. Unfavorable seasons, too wet or too dry, often reduce
the yield and impair the value of the product; but dis-
eases, properly so called, seldom affect more than a few
plants, or perhaps a smaller portion of a field. Reports
from widely separated districts mention the same diseases,
all of which result from deficiencies in the soil or its prep-
aration, or from peculiarities of the seasons during growth.

A disease known in New England as " brown rust," and
in the South as "firing" and "field-fire," prevails to some ex-
tent every year. It appears in very wet or very dry weather,

Tobacco Interests op North Carolina. 205

and reports concur in the opinion that it is caused b}' violent
changes from one extreme to the other. A plethoric plant
with the supph' of moisture suddenly cut off, and a lean
plant forced by excessive moisture to rank growth — a leaf
perishing in spots for lack of sustenance, and another from
the opposite cause — present variable conditions, developing
" rast" or "fire." This disease is not so prevalent in some
districts as formerly, which is attributed by some planters
to the substitution of new for old varieties ; but it is more
probably due to planting upon a different character of soil,
or to more thorough drainage and improved culture. Some-
times, though rarely, the entire plant is involved, drooping
and witlicring through excessive humidity. Tliis is the
" black fire," a strictly wet-weather disease. In dry weather
the plant sometime parches up, as if scorched. In uniform,
ordinary seasons it does not appear. Injudicious use of
heating manures is assigned as sometimes tiie cause of
firing, and undoubtedly does occasionall}' produce ''red"
or dry-weather firing. Thorough drainage is regarded as
the best preventive of this and its kindred diseases.

"Frenching," derived from the French friser (to curl), oc-
cursalmostexclusivelyuponcoldjStiff uplands.havingaclose
and stiff clay subsoil. During a wet season it is very prev-
alent upon clayey lands, and is sometimes found upon sandy
soils in small basins during excessivel}' rainy weather.
This disease renders the plant worthless when it has pro-
gressed to any considerable extent. The effects are first
seen in the buds of the plant, which become of a yellow
color. The leaves afterward become thick and flesh}', have a
semi-transj)arent or honey-colored appearance, and often
curl around the edges downward, sometimes growing in
long, narrow strips, with ragged outlines. When cured,
the leaves are dull and lifeless in color, and very brittle.
No remedy for the disease has been found. It is sometimes
arrested b}^ close plowing, or by giving the plant a vigor-
ous pull, so as to break the tap root, but the only preven-
tive measure is to avoid planting upon a soil not properly
underdrained, either naturally or artificially.

"Walloon," or " water-loon," is of very common occur-
rence, and is closely akin to "frenching." The leaves, in-
stead of curving over in graceful outlines, stick up like a
fox's ears, whence the disease is known in some sections of
the country as " fox-ears." When tobacco is thus attacked,

206 History of Durham.

it becomes rough and thick, and is unfitted for any but the
most inferior purposes. Excessive tenacity of the soil or
defective drainage are causes of the disease.

''Hollow-stalk" and "sore shin" rarely occur, except
when the plants have been overflowed, and then mostly
upon old lands. Some planters attribute " hollow stalk " to
an insect feeding upon the pith of the lower stalk, or to the
after effects of an attack by the wire-worm upon the young
plant; others think it the effect of a bruise or a wound
upon the stem of the young plant. The two names above
given are descriptive of different appearances of tlie same
disease. It is most probably produced b}' excessive absorp-
tion of water by the pith of the stalk while partially sub-
merged and subsequent exposure to high a degree of temper-
ature. It is not reported as occurring upon such lands as
are never flooded by rain water, nor has it been observed
upon soils well underdrained or overlying a porous subsoil.
There is no remedy for it, and unless the plants are cut as
soon as it appears they become worthless. The affected
plant presents very much the same appearance as if nearly
severed from the stalk, witliering slowly without ripening,

" Frog-eye," or " white speck," sometime occurs in tobacco
thoroughly ripe. This disease, if it is such, is of rare oc-
currence, and is little understood. In Florida white specks
are a sure indication of fine texture in the leaf, and this
" frog-eye" appearance was at one time much esteemed.
This particular marking seems to result from conditions of
soil or climate, or from both, and some varieties are more
frequently affected than others.

"White veins "occur in the cured product. By some
they are believed to be caused by long-continued dry weather
before and after cutting; by others they are ascribed to any
check in the growth of the plant, whether for lack of
manures, from deficient cultivation, drought, bad seed, or
too much water. Some think they are caused by the ab-
sence of some soil constituent. All that can be said is th'at
they do occur, very much to the injury of the leaf for
wrapping purposes. As a general rule the product from a
field well prepared, well fertilized, and well cultivated,
planted in good season, properly topped and kept free of
suckers, will show when cured very few white veins.

" Leprosy" is a name given to a fungoid mold which is
occasionally found -upon cured tobacco hanging in the barn

Tobacco Interests of North Carolina. 207

during warm, moist winters. This mold affected a large por-
tion of the crop of 1880 in the Ohio River valley, especially
in southern Illinois, and in the lower Ohio River districts of
Kentucky'. This fungous plant increases with amazing
rapidity wherever the spores find congenial lodgment, and
even sound, dry tobacco is sometimes infected and seriously
damaged. This disease, although not a new one, is imper-
fectly understood. Appearing to a serious extent onh' in
weather congenial to its development, and propagated from
spores which have escaped detection in badly kept barns or
tobacco-sheds, too many planters look upon it as of obscure
or doubtful origin, or as an inevitable concomitant of un-
favorable atmospheric conditions. The remedy is j)reven-
tion. Thorough cleansing of the tobacco barns, stripping,
assorting and packing rooms, and the careful destruction,
by burning, of all trash and dirt which accumulate about
the premises, will secure well handled tobacco against
"leprosy," and perhaps other diseases of fungous origin.

THE BONSACK CIGARETTE MACHINE.

As this remarkably ingenious invention marks a new era
in this branch of tobacco manufacture, its introduction in
our midst is worthy of notice here, as an important item in
the manufacturing industries of Durham. That it will
prove of vast benefit to the manufacturer has already been
demonstrated beyond peradventure. But its effect upon
another class of our fellow-citizens will be anything but
gratifying to the true philanthropist. Thousands of girls,
boys, men and women, and among them worthy orphans,
widows, and decrepit old age, will be thrown out of employ-
ment, many of whom are, to a large extent, disqualified for
the prosecution of other industrial pursuits. There are
scores of widows \yholly dependent upon the pittance earned
by their children in the cigarette factories. The shock may
be temporary, but it will nevertheless be a severe one.

This machine was set at work in Durham, for the first
time, April 30, 1884. It is unquestionabl}' the most mar-
velous piece of machinery in North Carolina, and one of
ihe most remarkable in the whole world. A description is
impossible without a diagram, but the story of its inven-
tion is interesting. The inventor is now only 22 years of age,
and is a son of Mr. Bonsack, of Bonsack Station, in Vir-
ginia. Six or seven years ago some one remarked in his

208 History of Durham.

hearing that all cigarettes were made b}^ hand, and that
the inventor of a successful machine would make a fortune.
He went to work, and after man\' experiments and im-
provements he completed the comj)licated machine about
a year ago. One was put to work in Allen & Ginter's
factory at Richmond. It worked successfully, and Mr.
Bonsack had others built. He has had the latest and best
ones made in Paris. The machines at work here were man-
ufactured in Paris.

The tobacco is fed in on a slowly-moving belt, which
draws it between rollers. A system of rollers and belts pre-
pares it for a long hopper, which becomes nearly as narrow
at the bottom as a cigarette is thick. From the bottom of
this hopper or funnel steel belts take the tobacco and carry
it along. At a proper place the paper, an endless line of
it, comes up under the tobacco and goes through a tube
which shapes it round. JusL before ii enters the tube the
edge runs by a paste-applying instrument. Then the tube
forces it into a perfect roll, and the paste secures it. It goes
on then to a circular knife, which clips the endless cigar-
ette into pieces just the proper length, and the pieces fall
out down a tube at the rate of from 200 to 212 per minute.
The paper unrolls from an endless coil under the machine.
Before it reaches the tobacco a name or brand can be printed
along the slip at the proper intervals to mark every ci-
garette.

Messrs. W. Diike Sons & Co. vvere the first to put the ma-
chine in operation in this State, and the Blackwell Tobacco
Co. were the next. Mr. Bonsack does not sell the machines,
but puts them up, has hii own men to run them, and
charges about two-thirds the cost of making by hand for
ihe work they do. At this rate of charges, the profit, it is
said, on every day it runs, is about $36.

A rapid cigarette-maker, by hand, can make 2,500 a day.
One of these machines makes (running only ten hours)
120,000 a da}', or as man\" as forty-eight hands.

At last, therefore, a mechanical problem of long stand-
ing has been solved ; and it will cause a revolution in cigar-
ette manufacture. Mr. Bonsack has fourteen machines
now — seven in America and seven in Europe. The in-
ventor is an interesting and unassuming young man, yet
without a beard. He looks even younger than twenty-two,

Tobacco Interests of Virginia. 209

but has a nervous, quick and business manner. Not often
in the history of the invention or machinery has a greater
or more sudden stroke of good fortune been hit. And there
are not many machines in the world that are more compli-
cated or wx)rk more beautifully.

lE^-^f^-IKT I"\7".

The Tobacco Interests of Virginia.

CHAPTER I.

Richmond — Sketches of Leading Tobacco Manufac-
turers— Leaf Dealers — Cigar and Cigarette Man-
ufacturers— Manufacturers of Plug and Smoking
Tobacco.

As this chief city of the Southern States is largely repre-
sented in the advertising department of this volume, spe-
cial and detailed notice is esteemed appropriate and just.
And, en passcnt, vre desire to tender our thanks to Messrs.
John Ott, the efficient and courteous secretary of the South-
ern Fertilizer Company; Addison & Allison, extensive fer-
tilizer manufacturers and dealers ; Chas. Watkins, agent
for G. Ober Sons Fertilizer Co. ; and the officers and mem-
bers of the Tobacco Exchange for courteous treatment and
useful information ; also to Mr. W. D. Chesterman, from
whose pamphlet, entitled " Guide to Richmond and the
Battle Fields," we have obtained important information.

The population of the city in 1870 was 51,038 ; in 1880,
64,670, or, in round numbers, 65,000, of which the whites
numbered 38,000 and the colored people 27,000. Manches-
ter, separated from Richmond by the James river, has a
population of 6,500. In 1880 there were in operation 702
manufacturing establishments, emi)loying 16,932 hands,
and their sales amounted to $24,70 1,892, an excess over the

210 History of Durham.

j'ear previous of $1,218,243. The value of real property was
$29,000,000; personal property, $10,000,000. Tobacco was
the leading item entering into manufactures, and iron and
grain next. Exports, 82.328,742; imports, $45,457. Num-
ber of arrivals of steamers, 590; of sailing vessels, 1,060.
The river is navigable from Richmond to the sea (124 miles')
for vessels drawing 16 feet of water.

The chief trade organizations are the Tobacco Exchange,
the Corn, Flour and Cotton Exchange, the Chamber of
Commerce, the Stock Exchange and the Commercial Club,
the last a great institution for the entertainment of visiting
merchants and business men.

LEAF DEALERS.

Austin & Booe, 14th, between Main and Carey streets.

Allen & Shafer, Carey, between 12th and 13th streets.

John Booker, 310, E Carey street.

F M Boykin, 13 S 10th street.

Jas. Byrd, 6tb and Carey streets.

C R Barksdale, Tobacco Exchange.

W A Braggs, Columbus Block.

E D Christian, Tobacco Exchange.

E T Crump & Co., Columbus Block.

Cockran & Co., 1210 E Carey street.

Carter & Ryland, Columbus Block.

J C Carpenter, 1452 E Franklin street.

Carr & Dickinson, Crenshaw Warehouse.

J M Conrad, 1211 E Carey street.

Wm E Dibrel & Co., 1410 E Carey street.

R H Dibrel, 1204 E Carey street.

F H Dean, 1015 Basin Bank.

A B Eddins.

John Enders, 1321 E Carey street.

Eggerston & Co., Tobacco Exchange.

Ellison & Bro., 28th and Main streets.

Fisher & Wise, Carey, between 13th and 14th streets.

W D Gibson, 113 S 6th street.

L M Griffin, Crenshaw's Warehouse.

J P George & Co., 13 S 10th street.

Thos H. Gunn, Crenshaw's Warehouse.

B C Gray, Tobacco Exchange.

J J Gregory, 102 Shockhoe Slip.

Tobacco Interests of Virginia. 211

J T Gray, 1321 E Carey street.

Grant & Gilliam, 1115 Basin Bank.

Wm Hatcher, Shockhoe Slip.

Geo A Ilaynes, 13 S 13th street.

0 D Hill, 1412 E Carev street.

Wm H Jones, 109 S 12th street.

L Lew, 1319 E Carey street.

C D Langhorn, 107 S 12th street.

F Libermuth, 1106 E Carey street.

C Millhiser, 3 S r2th street.

W K Martin & Co., Shockhoe Slip.

W R Mallory, Columbus Block.

R C Morton, Shockhoe Slip.

H Martin, Agent, Shocklioe Slip.

P H Moore, 1309 E Carey street.

E M Moore, 1209 E Carey street.

T D Neal, Tobacco Exchange.

E 0 Notting, 1310 E Carey street.

Norvell Leak & Co., 1015 Basin Bank.

A Osterloh, Shockhoe Slip.

Palmer & Hartshooke, 1321 E Carey street.

Thos M Rutherford, 7th and Arch streets.

Skinke & Archer, Crenshaw's Warehouse.

M T Smith & Co., Columbus Block.

Strause & Bernard, 107 S 12th street.

Thos J Spencer, 102 S 13th street.

Silas Shelburn, 1209 E Carey street.

Sublit & Carey, 113 S 12th street.

R B Sommerville, 1105 Basin Bank.

Staples & Blair, Basin Bank.

Scott & Clark, 7 21st street.

Sublit B Fitzgerald, 1017 Basin Bank.

Strause & Raab, 107 S 12th street.

W D Tiderman, 1301 E Main street.

W D Tompkins ct Bro., Basin Bank.

Tyler & Jones, 105 S 12th street.

G. N Thompson, 2600 E Main street.

F P Thornton, 9th and Arch streets.

Thornton & Victor, 2201 E Carey street.

H B Tollervan tt Co.

J N Vaughn, 320 S lOih street.

T C Williams, 7th and Arch streets.

P S Wormley, 21 and Carey streets.

212 History of Durham.

Garrett F. Watson, 15 S 21st street.

C & E Wortham, 18 S 13th street.

H M Wortham, 21 loth street.

J J Wilson & Co., 1301 E Carey street.

Geo N Wooldrige, 121 N 17th street.

Chas Walkins & Co., 1412 E Carey street.

J M Wise, Crenshaw's Warehouse.

CIGARS AND CIGARETTE MANUFACTURERS.

Allen & Ginter, 7th and Carey streets; C M Angel, J N
Atkinson, Horace Blaekman & Co.. Mrs M E Boydeu, C H
Brown, S Britton, Boucher Bros., Branch & Bugg, .John
Boucher, Jacob Bier, Mrs Fred Bosher, D H Brotherton,
Wm E Cree, C Carreras, J C Donnella& Co.,Grissett & Bro.,
J W Hollerand, J R Gill, J • Hernandeze, W J Hennings,
Gerrard Haske, Hewitt & Son, John Krouse, T C Krup, F
F Langus, C C Leftwich, Libermuth & Millhizer, Little
& Mclndo, Otto Moella, Louis F Myers, Geo Myers, G W
Meaglf & Bro., Geo Neaglesraan, G Onorato, Pace & Sizer,
Win H Perkins, Henry Pie, Geo Prelock, E T Pinkleton &
Co., F J Riley, Wm L Roberts, H Rosenburg, Rowe & Bro.,
Mrs Caroline Slante, Jos Steindecker, Thos Shea, Thos Street,
W H Sutton, C C Salaraone, Jacob Simon & Co., Wm J Ty-
ler, Thomas & Bro., Virginia Trading tfc Manufacturing Co.,
Solomon Wise, John Wickhut, P Whitlock, E B Wyatt, R
Waggoner, Wm A Walker, C R Wilhelm.

MANUFACTURERS OF PLUG AND SMOKING TOBACCOS.

Pace & Sizer, R N Vaughn, 0 P Gregory & Co., Dibrell
& Co., William C Thomas, E T Pinkleton, Allen & Ginter,
T W Pemberton & Co., Talbott's Manufacturing Company,
Myers Bros. & Co., P Whitlock, Whren & Fluk, Lawrence
LoTTiER, L H Frayson & Co., A B Wells, Agent; J G Dill,
Pace's Tobacco Company, James Lee Jones, Virginia Manu-
facturing and Trading Company, Yarborough & Son, Butler
& Wilson, Sullivan & Earley, Cullingsworth & Ellison, Sal-
mon & Hancock, Hargrove & Co., T C Williams & Co., J A
L Moore, C W Spicer, P H Mayo & Bro., S A Ellison &Co.,
Laras & Bro., J N Boyd & Co., Horace Blackmer & Co.,
Hicks, Brumhild & Co., Charles Early & Co., T T Mayo, J
Wright & Co., Alexander Cameron & Co., Charles Watkins

Tobacco Interests of Virginia. 213

& Co., R A Patterson, P Whitlock, W A Blankinship, Lamp-
ken, Whitlock & Co.

Factories.

LAWRENCE LOTTIER.

The " Banner Tobacco Works " were founded in 1835, by
Mr. Lawrence Lottier, Sr., father of the present proprietor,
and are not only one of the five largest tobacco factories of
Richmond, but also of the tobacco world. Upon the death
of the founder, in 1849, he was succeeded by his son, who
was scarcely more than a boy in years. But he proved more
than equal to the weighty responsibilities thus prematurely
devolving upon him, for he not only maintained the high
position which the works had even at that early day
achieved, but built the business up to its present great mog-
nitude. The works occupy a massive and handsome brick
building, 120x133 feet in dimensions, and four stories high,
with a basement the full size, and is equipped with all the
most improved machinery and appliances used in the manu-
facture of tobacco, which is operated by a fifty-horse power
steam engine. An average force of four hundred hands is
kept employed and the daily product is about fifteen thou-
sand pounds of manufactured tobacco. This includes all
kinds of navy and spun roll, the navy being the leading
article of manufacture. It is a favorite article with lovers-
t>f the " weed " everywhere, and the brand is standard in
every part of the United States.

No sketch of this great enterprise would be complete
without a word concerning its proprietor, whose name is so
widely known. By birth he is a descendant of an old family
who emigrated from France to Virginia during the last
century. Mr. Lottier has always been identified with the
interests of his State, and occupies an honorable place in
its history. He is still fresh and vigorous, scarcely appear-
ing to have passed the meridian of life. No one who meets
him would suppose he had conducted a great industry for
over thirty years. But business cares seem to rest lightly
upon him, Ke is broad and liberal in his ideaSj courteous,
generous and kind to all. He is, in a word, a fair type of
a true Virginia gentleman.
14

214 History op Durham.

PACE & SIZER.

The business was established in 1865, by Mr. R. "W. Oli-
ver. Was purchased by the present proprietors in 1883, and
is now one of the largest and best equipped smoking tobacco
and cigarette factories in Richmond. Manufacture the fol-
lowing well established brands of cigarettes and smoking
tobacco : " Purity," "Raleigh," " Favorite" and "Powhatan,"
among others, but these are their favorite brands of smoking
tobacco, cigarettes and cut plug. The brands of this firm
are rapidly eliciting public favor, and the business of the
factory has already been more than doubled under the effi-
cient management and industry of the present proprietors.
The " Favorite " cigarette, especially — which bears a fine
picture of our great southern chieftain, Gen. Robert E. Lee
— which is as yet in its infancy, is so rapidly winning favor-
able receptions that the firm find themselves taxed to their
utmost capacity to supply the demand. The "Raleigh"
brand — cut plug — is also commanding large sales. It not
only affords a very pleasant smoke, but lasts longer in the
pipe than the granulated smoking, leaving no nauseating
sediments in the bottom of tlie pipe. In fact, all their
brands are manufactured from the best qualities of Virginia
tobacco.

ALLEN & GINTER.

At the southeast corner of Gary and Seventh streets may
be found the celebrated Cigarette Works of Allen & Ginter.
The labor here is performed by whites exclusively, includ-
ing several hundred girls, who handle the cigarettes with a
deftness and dispatch truly remarkable. This firm are the
pioneers and leaders in this rapidly growing branch of the
tobacco business here, and on the fragrance of their " Rich-
mond Gem" has been wafted the fame of Richmond to all
parts of this continent, to most parts of Europe, and beyond
to far distant lands. Tiiis house has no merely local fame,
its goods are known and appreciated wherever the fragrance
of the weed in silvery clouds floats upon the breeze. The
bright and sweet Virginia leaf is unexcelled for cigarettes,
and this firm have spared no pains or expense in securing
the best the market affords, and employ only the best skill
and most approved appliances. Although the firm is so
widely known as cigarette manufacturers, they do not con-
fine themselves to that branch alone, but extensively man-
ufacture smoking tobacco of the choicest brands.

Tobacco Interests of Virginia. 215

A. M. LYON & CO.

This enterprise was established in 1830 by Mr. William
Barrett, who was succeeded by Mr. John K. Childrey, who
in turn was succeeded by the present proprietors. In 1883
the old factory was destroyed by fire, and immediately re-
built. The new building is four stories above ground, is
steam heated and provided with every appliance for the
manufacture of tobacco on the largest scale and in the most
economical manner. In the basement are located the en-
gine, boiler, etc. Upon the ground floor is the office, and
in the rear of this is the press room, with a long row of the
powerful hydraulic presses which convert the yielding leaf
into a mass almost as compact as stone. In the second story
is the twist room, where a large force are busily engaged in
making lumps, twist, etc., and here, too, is the lump drying
room, where the manufactured tobacco is placed preparatory
to packing, especially when it is to be exported, as the least
particle of moisture is ruinous to goods intended for ocean
transit. Upon the third floor is the smoking tobacco de-
partment with its great cutters for transforming the golden
leaf into beautiful granulated for pipe and cigarettes; and
here, too, is the leaf room, where skillful hands are busy
assorting and manipulating the weed. In the upper story
the leaf is shaken out, dried (in a large steam room), dipped
an(i otherwise manipulated, and on the top of the building
(which commands a magnificent view of the city and sur-
roundings) the fine sun-cured tobaccos are exposed in fine
weather. AH grades and styles of bright and dark chewing
are turned out here, the capacity being about 2,000 pounds
per day, while of fine smoking about one-half this amount
is produced. This house has long enjoyed a high reputa-
tion for the excellence of its goods as well as for the cour-
tesy and integrity of its members, audits wares find a ready
sale, not only in the United States, but even in far Australia,
where Barrett's Crown and Barrett's Anchor are standard
brands. The firm use for export good fine Virginia and
Carolina leaf, and for the fine navies, which are a specialty,
white Burley is principally used.

Of the members of this old firm it is scarcely necessary
for us to speak. Wherever American tobacco is used their
brands are favorably known, and to the trade the firm are
not less favorably known as experienced tobacconists and

216 History of Durham.

courteous, enterprising and reliable gentlemen — gentlemen
who have hosts of friends and well-wishers, who will rejoice
to hear that the house is driven to its fullest capacity to
keep pace with the orders which are pouring in from all
quarters. They were awarded the highest prizes for two
successive years by the Virginia Fair.

p. H. MAYO & BROTHER.

This large tobacco factory was established in 1830 by the
late Robert A. Mayo, and soon attained, and has since main-
tained, a leading position in the domestic and foreign to-
bacco trade. The Mayo family, of which the present senior
proprietor is a worthy offspring, have occupied for more
than 150 years the old Powhatan House, the home of the
famous Indian chief, Powhatan, the father of Pocahontas,
The present firm are in every respect worthy successors of
their eminent predecessor. Their brands of tobacco stand
unsurpassed for excellence of quality, as their wide popu-
larity and immense sales attest. The factory has an impos-
ing and handsome front of 200 feet on Seventh street, be-
tween Gary and Main, four to five stories high, forming a
hollow square, and is constructed of brick. The offices of
the company — which are handsomely furnished — occupy a
central front position in the building. They use none but
the most approved machinery and appliances.

The principal brands are the " Navys." They were the
origiuators of the world-renowned " Navy Tobacco," put up
for the U. S. Government, and have almost indisputable
supremacy among the trade and all lovers of a fine article
of chewing tobacco.

The firm is now composed of P. H. Mayo and Thomas
Atkinson, both of whom are thoroughly trained and edu-
cated in all the ramifications of the business. They em-
ploy several hundred of the most skillful operatives — not
only those educated in the manufacture of tobacco, but me-
chanics of every kind necessary to make and keep in per-
fect order their vast and magnificent machinery.

The public display made by this firm of their manufac-
tured goods in all styles of their bright, dark and sweet Na-
vies attracte(^ marked attention and admiration from the
many thousand visitors to the Exhibition Hall in Philadel-
phia in 1876, Richmond in 1881 and Boston in 1882. At

Tobacco Interests of Virginia. 217

the latter place their exhibit was gotten up at an enormous
cost, being 50 feet long and 12 high, and was a remarkable
representation of skill and workmanship in the multifari-
ous varieties and manipulations of tobacco, from the grow-
ing plant to rich panels and other devices of spun and plug
tobacco, requiring a thread of spun tobacco thirteen miles
in length. The conception of the design of a fort and fleet,
all made by them of tobacco of all kinds, shades and shapes,
was a fitting and novel association with the firm and their
origin of navy tobacco; and so artistic was the execution of
the work in all of its minutest details of handsome signs,
columns, guns, ship monitors, &c., that the whole justly de-
served and received most favorable delineations and com-
ments from the leading journals of Boston and other cities.
It is almost impossible to give an adequate idea of this won-
derful piece of workmanship, so intricate in its variegating
parts, the beautiful and harmonious blending of colors and
kinds, all worked into marvelous shapes and designs — the
whole must be seen and critically examined to be understood
and properly appreciated.

CHAPTER II.

Brief History of the Types of Tobacco Produced in
Virginia and Maryland — Quality of Tobacco —
Soils.

" Dark Shipping " was the original and prevalent type of
tobacco among the planters of Virginia and Maryland. For
many years the laws regulating production, especially those
passed by the Colonial Assembly, requiring all products
failing in quality and soundnes« to be burned, were rigidly
enforced. All tobacco was raised for export, the only market,
and the price being uniform, whether for sale or as a cir-
culating medium, inspection was necessary to insure uni-
formity of grade.

INSURE YOUR DWELLINGS WITH J. SOUTHGATE Sc SON.

218 History of Durham.

With a virgin soil of great fertility, the planter who did
bis work well was amply repaid, lis cultivation was com-
menced by tbe colonists in tbe historic town of Jamestown,
in James City county, and John Rolfe produced the first to-
bacco exported from the colon3\

Captain John Smith describes the soil of tidewater Vir-
ginia as he saw it in 1607: "The vesture of the earth in
most places doth manifestly prove tbe nature of thesoyle to
be lusty and very rich."

The culture of tobacco rapidly spread as the colonists
built houses and cleared lands, the tobacco-patch often tak-
ing precedence of the corn-field, and its production being
carried to such an excess as seriously to threaten subsis-
tence of the colonists, the colonial legislatures of Virginia
and Maryland passed sumptuary laws that " every person
planting one acre of tobacco shall plant and tend two acres
of corn." As tobacco grows better on new soil than corn or
other crops, it was the first to utilize the fresh cleared land.
New soil produces a finer and better flavored article than
old land ; therefore thousands of acres of forest were annually
cleared. Thus extensive areas in Virginia and Maryland
were early denuded of forest growth, and the continued cuL
tivation of tobacco for many years on the same lands without
manure greatly impoverished the soil ; for a Virginian
never thinks of reinstating or manuring his land with econ-
omy until he can find no more new land to exhaust or wear
out" (William Tatham, Historical Essay on the Culture of To-
bacco: London, 1800).

Tobacco raised on cow-penned land was considered of only
second quality, and was sold accordingly. Tatham states
that tobacco at first was cultivated continuously for twenty
years on the same land, and describes the spots selected for
seed-beds as those preferred at the present da}^ — " rich, moist,
fine soils, with sunny exposure." The " fly" was a trouble
then, as now ; and the remedy then practiced was " to sow
mustard around the border of the plant-bed, and as the fly
prefers the mustard to the tobacco plants the latter will es-
cape injury." But of late years this irrepressible insect
takes more kindly to the tender tobacco plants, and plan-
ters find it hard work to coax or to drive them off.

The primitive mode of harvesting tobacco in Virginia

INSURE YOUR LIFE WITH J. SOUTHGATE & SON.

Tobacco Interests of Virginia. 219

was "tci pull the leaves from the stalks as they-ripen and
haug them on cords, to be dried in the sun and air" (Rev.
Hugh Jones, Present Slate of Virriiniq,, 1724). In after time
they s[)lit the stalks and hung the plants astraddle of sticks,
as is now generally practiced in Virginia.

The early planters cured their crops mostly in the sun
and air. " In March or April the tobacco was conveyed to
the storehouse and dried with fire. * * * Salt was used
in passing tobacco through the s-^^-eat." In time "smoke
was considered a prime agent in keeping tobacco sound.
* * * Small, smothered fires were used, made of bark
and rotten wood." The fires were increased from year to
year until log fires were built in three rows upon the barn
floors, which dried out the green tobacco in from three to
five days. The firing process prevailed generally in both
Virginia and Maryland, and was kept up for a long series
of years. Maryland finally abandoned it; but in the dark
shipping district of Virginia it is still the mode practiced,
except that less fire is now used than formerly.

After the close of the war of 1812-14 the demand for col-
ored tobacco for export caused a change in the process of
curing in both Virginia and Maryland. After being cut
and hung upon sticks, the tobacco was either placed upon
scaffolds in the sun to yellow and then housed, or it re-
mained several days in the house, without fire, until it had
yellowed sufficiently to receive the heat without curing
dark. Many planters in the two states learned to cure a
beautiful piebald or spangled leaf, which commanded high
prices in Richmond and in Baltimore. In the former cit}'
it was called " piebald ;" in the latter, " spangled."

Open wood fires constituted the only mode of curing by
artificial heat until about the year 1828 or 1829, when flues
w^ere first used in Virginia, Dr. Davis G. Tuck, of Halifax
county, being the originator of the flue constructed inside
the barn, for which he obtained a patent. This plan,
however, was adopted by but few planters, and soon fell into
disuse.

About this time began the use of charcoal as fuel for cur-
ing tobacco, enterprising planters in Halifax and Pittsylva-
nia counties, Virginia, and in Caswell county, North Caro
lina, being among the first to substitute it for wood. The
results were such as to induce others to adopt the new pro-
cess, and thus it spread from farm to farm throughout

220 History of Durham.

neighborhoods, and afterward from State to State, until it
has extended over a wide area of the tobacco belt.

Meanwhile improvements were made upon flues, mainly
since 1865, which justified their substitution for charcoal
open fires in the yellow tobacco belt of Virginia and North
Carolina. Charcoal is now but little used. Flues are con-
structed either of brick, stone, or mud walls, or by digging
ditches in the floor of the barn, and some are wholly of iron,
furnaces and pipes, and these are generally patented.

A number of patent flues are used, some of which greatly
economize fuel and perform admirably, and where the sav-
ing of fuel is an object they are to be preferred.

A cheap flue is constructed by cutting ditches in the floor
of the barn from 15 to 18 inches wide and as deep as nec-
essary and covering them with sheet-iron, as recommended
for the stone or brick flue. A better one is made of mud
walls, covered with sheet iron. The mud walls are built by
placing two wide boards from 12 to 14 inches apart and
packing moist clay between them, beating it down hard, in
position and arrangement similar to the walls of stone, and
covering with sheet-iron. Upon firing the flues the boards
are burned away and the dirt walls are hardened. If the
clay is of proper quality, such as is fit for making tolerably
good bricks, these walls will last a long time. It is necessary
with the ditch or mud-wall flue to attach furnaces of stone,
brick, or iron.

QUALITY OP TOBACCO IN VIRGINIA.

There are five distinct qualities of tobacco produced in
Virginia, viz: Dark Shipping, Red and Colored Shipping,
Sun and Air-cured Fillers, Bright Yellow Wrappers,
Smokers and Fillers, and Orange and Mahogany Flue-cured
Manufacturing. These are severally characterized by pecu-
liarities of color, quality, body, and flavor, the result of soil
influence and variety, modified by curing and management.

Dark Shipping. — Of this there are four grades of leaf and
two of lugs, classed as follows: 1. Dark, rich waxy leaf,
English ; 2. Nutmeg and mahogany leaf, English and Con-
tinental: 3. Dark red leaf, English and Continental; 4.
Dull red leaf; 5. Long lugs; 6. Short lugs.

Dark Shipping tobacco is generally raised on rich lots,
and is cured with open wood fires. The English, French,

Tobacco Interests of Virginia. 221

Germans, Spanish and Italians take the bulk of this to-
bacco, with a growing preference for that cured without
smoke. It is produced more or less all over the tobacco
belt of Virginia, but the bulk of it is raised south of the
James river and east of the Blue Ridge.

Med and Colored Shipping. — Like the foregoing, this to-
bacco is produced more or less all over the tobacco region
of the State. The region producing most of this tobacco
consists of the following : Northeast of the region just de-
scribed, Dinwiddle, Chesterfield, Goochland, and Fluvanna,
with Rockbridge and all the counties west of the Blue
Ridge down to the Kentucky and Tennessee lines, except
Montgomery, whiclp is classed in the yellow district.

This tobacco is divided into three grades: 1. Bright
spangled, 2. Mahogany; 3. Cherry red; and is generally
cured with open wood fires, a method which greatly detracts
from its worth. The red and mahogany wrappers of this
and the dark tobacco, if fine, sell well, notwithstanding the
smell of smoke.

SiL7i and Air-Cured Fillers. — These include all that is cured
without artificial heat, whether by the sun or by air, or by
both. The counties raising this tobacco mainly are Caro-
line, Hanover, Louisa, and Spotsylvania. Their product is
eagerl}' sought after by manufacturers, is never in oversup-
ply, and those long accustomed to its use prefer it to all
others, even to the White Burley.

Brigld Yellow has many grades, the finest, smoothest, and
brightest leaves being rated as wrappers: 1. P\incy; 2.
Fine; 3. Medium, running 0, 00, 000, etc., according to
quality and color; 4. Fillers, several grades. Lugs are
graded as follows: Fancy Smokers, Fine Smokers, Medium
Smokers, Common Smokers, Bright Lug Fillers, and Com-
mon Lug Fillers.

Instances are on record of its first grades having been
sold for §3 and $4 per pound, and to sell at the highest
average, or to obtain the highest price, is an honor sought
by the best planters of the yellow belt.

Flue cured Fillers. — These are known as Henry county
fillers, being produced mainly in Henry county and in por-
tions of Franklin and Patrick counties. This tobacco is
divided into fillers and wrappers, according to size, color,
and quality, and is mostly manufactured into plug chewing.

222 History of Durham.

It is characterized by its tough, rich, silky leaf, and sweet
flavor, due to the soil, the varieties cultivated (Sweet Ori-
noco and Flannagan), and (he peculiar mode of curing by
flues, both walls and tops of stone, and slow firing until the
leaf is dried.

VIRGINIA SOILS.

The soils of Virginia are as varied as the rocks they over-
lie. A geological survey of the State was made by Professor
William B. Rogers in the 3'ears from 1835 to 1840. It is
necessary to notice carefully only the soils of the tobacco
area.

The Tidewater Region. — This is Tertiary, and its soils are
principally alluvials — sand and clay. Tobacco was once
cultivated over the greater part of this district, but it has
long ago given place to crops more suited to its soils or to
the choice of their owners.

The Middle Country. — This is the great tobacco-producing
area of the State, bounded on the north by the Rappahan-
nock, on the east by Tidewater, on the south by North
Carolina, and on the west by Piedmont. It is an extended
rolling plain, greatly diversified by hills and vales, forests
and streams. Its geology is primary ; its rocks azoic, many
containing mineral elements that by decomposing greatly
enrich the soil, such as granite, gneiss, syenite, hornblende,
mica schist, micaceous, talcose, and argillaceous slates and
shales, and the sedimentary rocks of the Jurassic and Tri-
assic formations. The soil varies in depth on the hills and
plains from 2 to 8 inches, while along the rivers and creeks
they are much deeper, in some places practically inexhaus-
tible. The usual depth of forest soils is from 4 to 5 inches,
with a subsoil rich in mineral elements. The tobacco soils
proper are the rich bottoms and clay-loam lots for shipping,
and thin, gray, light soils, fertilized, for manufacturing.
This district produces about seven-eighths of the tobacco of
the State, and of ever}-- grade heretofore described, except
the flue-cured manufacturing grown in Henry and adjoin-
ing counties.

Piedmont. — Like the Middle division, this is in the primary
region ; but here the metamorphic rocks differ considerably
from those of middle Virginia. The gneiss is coarser and
darker in color. The hornblende and iron pyrites form

Tobacco Interests of Virginia. 223

largo belts of red soil, called the "red-land district." Here
is found more greenstone (epidote), and where this abounds
the soil is richer, but is not better adapted to the manufact-
uring grades of tobacco. The belts of limestone which
traverse portions of this district are overlaid by soils rich
and admirabl}' suited to grasses and the cereals, but they
produce a coarse staple of tobacco, not much in demand,
even at low prices. The tobacco soils of this division are
the low grounds and rod-elay lots for shipping, and the gray
uplands, sandy and slaty, for manufacturing. The chief
tobacco-producing counties of this district form a line along
the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge southward from Madi-
son, and in elude Henry county.

Blue Ridge. — This district forms the border between the
Transition and Fossil iferous, and partakes somewhat of the
character of both. Gneissoid sandstones, epidote, granite,
syenite, slates, and shales abound in the east, while the
western flank of the Blue Ridge is composed of the rocks
of the Cambrian, Potsdam, Sandstone, and Primal. The
abundance of epidote accounts for the great fertility of the
soils of this division.

The gray sandy slopes and ridges are the best tobacco
lauds. The tobacco counties of this district are Floyd, Car-
roll, and Grayson.

The Valley and Appalachia. — In this district are included
all the remaining counties of the State west of the Blue
Ridge, southwest from Rockbridge, and in the northeast,
some of these counties producing but little, but all capable of
growing, to more or less extent, a good type of tobacco. The
lighter soils are the better, but the arenaceous soils of the
mountain slopes and foothills are preferred. The limestone
belt is an extensive one, rich and well adapted to general
farming. The poorer siliceous soils, notably in Poor Valley,
in Washington and Lee counties, are growing a fine article
of brights, but the south and southeastern slopes of the
mountains also produce desirable manufacturing grades.

While the above are classed in the red and yellow ship-
ping district, there are extensive areas in most of these coun-
ties well adapted to produce the bright yellow type, as is
being demonstrated by individual planters every year.

TAKE AN ACCIDENT POLICY WITH J. SOUTHGATE AND SON-

224 History of Durham.

ADDENDA ET ERRATA.

The Durham Light Infantry — The Durham Female

Seminary.

The adage, '■ Old men for counsel, 3'oung men for war,"
finds illustration in the large number of military organizii-
lions throughout this Repuhlic of ours.

The Southern youth is a soldier born. His ancestors have
set the example, their brave deeds have had a tendency to
inflame the mind, and, climatic influences being favor-
able, there is no reason why he should not be what he is.
North Carolina, tliough proud of her citizen soldiery, has
not, so far, done what she could to foster this manly, noble
spirit in her sons. We believe her failure in this respect is
inexcusable and damaging. Give us a laudable State pride
and our sister States will regard us in a very different light
from what they do now. We are glad to know the military
officers are at work on this point. Within the past two
years their labors have brouglit forth good results, and if
they do not weary in well doing, the many volunteer com-
panies of North Carolina, which have heretofore barely sub-
sisted by personal sacrifice of time and money, will bask in
the sunshine of the so much deserved, long looked for pros-
perity. For one, the Durham Light Infantry would shout,
" Roll on the glorious epoch."

, This company was organized August 6, 187S, with a mem-
bership of forty, rank and file. J. F, Freeland was elected
Captain, J. H. Southgate, First Lieutenant, and J. C. Angier,
Second Lieutenant. In October following, J. H. Southgate re-
signed, and W. L. Wall v/as elected to fill the vacancy. It
was fully uniformed and equipped soon after its organiza-
tion. The uniform was of gray cloth, swallow-tail coats,
W'ith three rows of N. C. State buttons in front, and no trim-
ming except on the tail of the coat ; the stripes on the pants
were black. Black felt hats, with black plumes, were worn.

Six years have made many changes in the organization,
as might have been expected. Several of the first "forty"

Addenda et Errata. 225

have long since left Durham, others have resigned, and a
few have " ordered arms " for the last time on earth. -

A short reference to some of the mile-stones in the com-
pany's history cannot fail to be interesting to, at least, the
former and present members of the body, wherever these
lines may reach them. " The boys'' will remember the 4th
of July, 1879, in Winston. Indeed, how could they forget
the glad scenes of that day — the marching, the music, the
concourse of people; Salem Square at night, with its thou-
sand colored lights; its velvet carpet of green grass; its
stately poplars and elms, with their soft luxuriant foliage —
a fairy land, in fact, and chivalrous youth and maidenly
beauty were its occupants that night. But, should memory
fail tlu-m as to these, the remembrance of the warm recep-
tion and gracious hospitality of the Winston Light Infantry
would ever remain green — a joy, a lasting charm.

PRESENTATION OF FLAG.

In the fall of 1S70 the sincere interest felt by the ladies
of Durham prompted them to donate to the company a
hands(nnely embroidered silk flag, which could not have cost
less than one hundred and seventy-five dollars — in every
sense an appropriate gift — and so long as the love of home
and the innocent ones there remain, so long will this beauti-
ful ensign be honored even at the cost of the last ruddy drop.
The j»resentation ceremonies took place at the Grand Cen-
tral Hotel. Mrs. J. B. Whitaker, in a graceful and appro-
priate .speech, tendered the flag, responded to by Lieutenant
G. E. Webb.

The *20th May, ISSO, was truly a celebration day in the
history of the Durham Light Infantry. The Orange Guards
of Hillsboro, Winston Light Infantry and Danville Greys
were the guests of the Company, and everything that could
be done was done to make their stay pleasant. The troops
were quartered in the west wing of the then W. T. Black-
well cV Co.'s large brick factory. The programme was such
as is usual on similar occasions — marching, parading, ora-
tions, and the like. At night the large brick warehouse,
now owned and occupied by Capt. E. J. Parrish, presented
a scene which has never before nor since been duplicated in
Durham. A table groaning under all the delicacies and
substaiitials which the barbecuer, the grocer and the skilled

226 History of Durham.

housewife could furnish, extended from one end of the
building to the other, a distance of two hundred and twenty-
five feet. Around this table were seated the visiting mili-
tary, a large number of prominent men from different parts
of the State and a host of Durhamites. If this was not a
feast, we never saw one ; if people were not happy that night,
we do not know what it is to manifest happiness. In an
hour's time the feast was over and then followed music and
eloquence, each in its turn. Among the speakers were Gen.
Cox, Hon. John Manning and Judge Fowle. Fair women,
brave men, soft music, thrilling eloquence and a rich feast
were features of an evening, which closed a day long to be
remembered by the boys.

YORKTOWN.

More than a year elapsed before the Company engaged in
another celebration. In October, 1881, with forty-two men
in full dress uniform, it went to the Yorktown Centennial
Celebration of American liberty. A long description of
this notable trip, with its pleasures and delights, can be
made short by quoting one clause which is the property of
the men in common: "Grandest event in the Company's
history."

It may be well to note a iew changes which have taken
place in"the Company's management within the past two
years. In May, 1882, Capt. Freeland resigned. J. C. Angier,
First Lieutenant, took command, and in August following
was elected Captain. He served one year acceptably. In
August, 1883, E. J. Parrish, a prominent citizen of the
town, was elected Captain ; John C. Angier, First Lieuten-
ant; VV. A. Gattis, Jr., Second Lieutenant; G. E. Webb,
Second Junior Lieutenant. In February, 1884, Lieutenant
Angier resigned, and W. A. Gattis was elected First Lieu-
tenant in his place, and James H. Southgate, Second Lieu-
tenant. So that the commissioned officers at present are:
E. J. Parrish, Captain ; W. A. Gattis, Jr., First Lieutenant;
J. H. Southgate, Second Lieutenant; G. E. Webb, Second
Junior Lieutenant.

The uniforms are gotten up in handsome style, and of
best material. The personnel of the Company comprise some
of our most cultivated and influential citizens.

INSURF IN THE EQUITABLE LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY.

Addenda et Errata. 227

THE DURHAM FEMALE SEMINARY.

This valuable addition to the educational facilities of
Durham was established in Januan^, 1SS2, and Mrs. M. E.
Mahoney, an accomplished educator, chosen Principal. The
building, located on Mangum street, was erected by Mr. A.
M. Rigsbee. The school is one of high standing, and is in
a flourishing condition. It is(>ne of the attractive and fixed
institutions of Durham, which is remarked with unfeigned
pride and pleasure.

The charges per term of twenty weeks are as follows :

Primar}' English, ^

Preparatory English, (

Collegiate English,

} $10.00

Latit., J

Musicon Piano 20.00

"Organ 20.00

" " Guitar 15.00

Use of Instrument 5.00

Vocalization (Voice Training) 10.00

Incidentals 1.00

Board per Month, including Fuel and Lights... 12.00

Vocal Music, Calisthenics and Free Hand Writing, Free.

The next session begins Monday, September 3d. Parents
are advised to board their daughters in the Seminary.
Regular hours of stud}'', recreation, retiring and risini^, are
observed. Oversight and direciion of the studies in prep-
aration are given. Special care is taken to guard the morals
and improve the manners of those who board in the
Seminary.

ERRATA.

BLACK well's DURHAM TOBACCO FACTORY.

On page 110, under head " M. E. McDowell & Co.," in
lines 4 and 5, strike out "Agents in Philadelphia," and
insert in lieu thereof, "Agents in the United States." In
lines IS and 19, strike out the words "and other places,"
and insert "Atlanta and New Orleans."

228 History of Durham.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

On page 138, sketch of James Southgate, third line, in-
stead of "English parentage," read "English descent."
Same sketch, page 139, in line 14, strike out "second to none
in the State," and insert in lieu thereof, " among the fore-
most agencies of the State."

TOBACCO FACTORIES.

On page 115, sketch of Z, I. Lyon & Co , in first line in-
stead of " firm is," read "firm ivas." In line 4, strike out all,
from the word " Durham " down to and including " 1867,"
and insert in lieu thereof the following: "Mr. Lyon did
business for Mr. J. R. Green in 1865-'66. In 1868 he pur-
chased an interest in the celebrated Bull brand. During
the same year — " On page 184, bottom line, in the Dur-
ham quotations for fancv wrappers, instead of " $1.50 to
$3.00," read "$150 to $300."

T. H. Briggs 6£ Sons,

Briggs Building, Raleigh, H. C,

—DEALERS IN—

HARDWARE.

4" g ft^" ?r -^ .j^ ^

^ S S «■ *" c s S ^ »f S S ,^

§2 § S ^ S ? .. S ^ rf ^ S § ^ ^ a D

i ^fi^^ou&^NP^ftsl^h^g

BREECH-LOADIHB m MATERIALS, FISBINB TACKIE, &C.

TAKE A SEMI-TONTINE POLICY IN THE EQUITABLE.

Durham Business Directory. 229

:E=».^f^:EST "V".

Durham Business Directory.

AbbreTiations.

Q ,. east

s south

w ■west

n north

ne w northeast

Be southeast

ss - south side

ns north side

opp opposite

es >...ea8t side

THE CITY GOVERNMENT FOR 1884.

Mayor. — J. F. Freeland.
Clerk.— ^y. E. Foster.
Treasurer. — G. C. Farthing.
Ciiy Weigher. — S. T. Morgan.
Chief of Police. — Paul A. Brownv
Assistant Police. — A. J. Faucett.

Commissioners. — Eugene Morebead, Thonaas D. Jones, R.
W. Thomas, W. H. Rowland and T. S. Christian.
Street Commissioner — William Maynor.

COUNTY OFFICERS FOR 1884.

Sheriff.— J. R. Blacknall.
Superior Court Clerk. — W. J. Christian.
Register of Deeds. — J. C. Wilkerson.
Treasurer. — J. R. Blacknall.
County Attorney. — R. C. Strudwick.
County Surveyor. — A. M. Leathers.

Commissioners. — W. A. Jenkins, chairman, G. A. Barbae,
W. K. Parrish, C. B. Green and J. G. Latta.

INSURE YOUR PROPERTY WITH J. SOUTHGATE & SON.
15

230

History of Durham.

TOBACCO BOARD OF TRADE.

Officers. — Alexander Walker, President.
R. F. Webb, Vice-President.
Albert Kramer, Secretary and Treasurer.

Blackwell, W. T.
Blackwell & Goodson,
Burton, Robert
Carr, Julian S.
Cooper, W. R.
Cox, A. B.
Dalbv, Edward
Day,%V. A.
Duke Sons & Co., W.
Faucett, R. T.
Gattis, W. A.
Green, Lucius
Hazel, J. B.
Jones, Thomas D.
Jones, R. H.
Kramer, Albert
Lockhart, J. S.
Xyon, T. B.
Lyon, Z. I.
Lyon, R. E.

Mosely, T. B.
Morris & Sons' M'f g Co.
Osborn, W. H.
Parrish, E. J.
Peay, T. L.
Pinnix, J. T.
Pogue & Son, E. H.
Reams, H. A.
Reams, I. M.
Rowland, M. A,
Seay, E. E.
Smith, L. T.
Smith, John W,
Smith, R. K.
Stokes, A. H.
Umstead & Co., A.
Walker, John W.
Walker, M. A.
Watkins, Dr. J. L.
Webb, R. F.

TOBACCO FACTORIES.

Blackwell's Durham Tobacco Co — Depot street, southwest
of N. C. R. R. depot.

W. Duke Sons & Co. — Railroad, above Hillsboro street.

R. F. Morris & Sons' Manufacturing Co. — Railroad street,
near depot.

R. T. Faucett— southeast of " Old Sitting Bull " Factory.

James Y. Whitted, South street. v

Z. I. Lyon—'' Old Sitting Bull " Factory.

Seigel Brothers — South of Railroad, near Lyon's factory.

E. H. Pogue & Son — S. Depot street, below the Blackwell
Factory.

TOBACCO WAREHOUSES.

The Reams Warehouse — Corner of Depot and Main streets.

"THE "TRAVELERS,"' OF HARTFORD, insures against accidents.

Durham Business Directory. 231

' The Parrish Warehouse — Corner of Parrish and Mangum
streets.

The Banner Warehouse — Main, between Green and Man-
gum streets.

CIGAR AND PLUG TOBACCO FACTORIES.

Since the greater portion of this book has passed through
the press, two new manufacturing enterprises have been es-
tablished in Durham — one Cigar, and one Plug Tobacco
Factory — the former by Messrs. E. J. Clark & Co., the latter
by Mr. Jas. Y. Whitted, formerly of Hillsboro. These gen-
tlemen are experienced manufacturers in their line, and
have wisely selected Durham, the El Dorado of the South,
as a basis for future operations and success. Success? With
proper business sagacity and push, no enterprise ever fails
in Durham, and these gentlemen possess an ample amount
of both. We have known Mr. Clark for many years, and
we take pleasure in bespeaking for him that abundant suc-
cess which he richly deserves. The Cigar Factory is lo-
cated on Main street and the Plug Factory on Factory
street.

DURHAM WATER WORKS.

A survey has been made, and at a distance of four miles
from Durham an abundance of good spring water can be
had with an elevation of sixty-five feet. The gentlemen
engaged in this project have ample means and the energy
and business tact to make a success of it. Durham has long
felt the need of more water power and the supply from these
springs, we learn, will be ample to supply a town of ten
thousand inhabitants.

BANKING HOUSES.

The Bank of Durham— William T. Blackwell, President ;
P. A. Wiley, Cashier ; W. S. Haliburton, Teller. Parrish,
between Church and Mangum streets.

Morehead Bank — Eugene Morehead, President ; W. M.
Morgan, Cashier; W. W. Avery, Teller. Main, between
Mangum and Depot streets.

J. SOUTHGATE&SON ISSUE TORNADO and CYCLONE POLICIES.

232 History op Durham.

POST OFFICE.

D. C. Maugum, Postmaster; salary, $1,300. The oflfice
now ranks third class. Main, between Mangum and Church

streets.

DURHAM COTTON MANUFACTURING CO.

This company was organized in the spring of 1884, by
the election of J. A. O'Dell, President ; W. H. Branson, Sec-
retary and Treasurer. Stockholders — Julian S. Carr, W. B.
O'Dell, and J. M. O'Dell. The factory will be completed
about October 1st, 1884, one and a half miles east of the N.
C. R. R. depot, on the southside of the railroad, on what is
known as the Barbee land. The work of laying bricks was
commenced in the latter part of May, 1884. Size of build-
ing, 148 feet 4 inches by 74 feet 4 inches. Smoke stack of
brick and stone, 17 feet 19 inches at base and 13^ feet high,

THE DURHAM WOOLEN AND WOODEN MILLS CO.

This company was also organized in the spring of 1884.
Officers — John C. Angler, President; Samuel T. Morgan,
Secretary and Treasurer. Julian S. Carr, M. A. Angier, Eu-
gene Morehead, A. H. Stokes and Jas, R. Blacknall, Stock-
holders. The factory will be completed the latter part of
September, 1884, and will be located about one mile east of
the N. C. R. R. depot, on ns. railroad, also on the Barbee land.

REVENUE OFFICE.

George L. Tinker, Deputy ; Post Office Building. Re-
ceipts for 1883 were $618,444.34.

NEWSPAPERS.

" The Durham Tobacco Plant," (weekly)— C. B. Green,
Editor. Democratic in politics. Subscription price, $1.50
per annum. Main, between Depot and Mangum streets.

" The Church Messenger," (weekly)— E. N. Joyner, Editor.
Episcopal. Subscription price, $1.50 per annum. Main,
between Mangum and Church streets.

" The Durham Recorder," (weekly)— E. C. Hackney, Ed-
itor. Democratic. Subscription price, $1.50 per annum.
Main, between Church and Mangum streets.

" The Daily Reporter "— D. W. Whitaker, Editor. Neu-

The Largest Companies are Represented by J. Southgate & Son.

Durham Business Directory. 233

tral in politics. Subscription price, $4.00 per annum.
"Plant" Building.

" The Truth," (monthly)— Josiah Turner, Editor. His-
torical and literary. Subscription price, $1.50 per annum.

DRUGGISTS.

E,. W. Thomas & Co., ne. cor. of Main and Depot streets.

R. Blacknall & Son, se. cor. of Main and Depot streets.

A. G. Carr & Co., ss. Main, between Church and Mangum
streets.

G. B. Montague, ss. Main, between Church and Mangum
streets.

N. M. Johnson, Mangum street, opp. Parrish Warehouse.

PHYSICIANS.

Doctors R. W. Thomas, A. G. Carr, W. J. H. Durham, T. S.
Vickers, J. H. Cook, A. F. Cain, N. M. Johnson, L. W. Bat-
tle, E. B. Utley and J. B. Gunter.

BENEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS.

Durham Commandery, No. 3, KnightsTemplars. — Jas. South-
gate. Eminent Commander ; L. W. Battle, Generalissimo;
Ed. J. Parrish, Captain General ; John L. Markham, Excel-
lent Prelate ; J. F. Freeland, Senior Warden ; W. L. Wall,
Junior Warden ; J. S. Carr, Treasurer ; J. W. Blackwell, Re-
corder ; C. C. Taylor, Standard Bearer; Geo. S. Scruggs,
Sword Bearer ; L. T. Smith, Warden, proiem. ; J. D. Wilbon,
Sentinel.

Royal Arch Chapter, No. 48. — James Southgate, High
Priest; J. C. Wilkerson, King ; E. Dalby, Scribe; W. L.
Wall, Capt. Host; Robert HoUoway, Royal Arch Captain ;
John L. Markham, Principal Sojourner; J. R. Gattis,
Treasurer ; C. C. Taylor, Secretary ; Geo. S. Scruggs, Master
3d Vail ; J. W. Blackwell, Master 2d Vail • John D. Wil-
bon, Master 1st Vail ; T. B. Smith, Guard.'

Durham Lodge, F. A. M., No. 352.— W. L. Wall, Worship-
ful Master ; C. C. Taylor, Senior Warden ; J. W. Black-
well, Junior Warden ; William H. Rogers, Treasurer ; James

Cotton Mill Insurance a Specialty with J. Southgate & Son.

234 History of Durham.

Southgate, Secretary ; H. N. Snow, Senior Deacon ; J. F.
Freeland, Junior Deacon ; A. Mohsberg and Wm. Maynor,
Stewards; T. B. Smith, Tyler.

RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS.

Trinity (Methodist)— Head of Church street. Rev. T. A.
Boone, pastor. Preaching every Sunday at 11 o'clock a. m.
and 7 o'clock p. m. Sunday School at 9J o'clock. Young
men's prayer- meeting at 3 o'clock p. m.

Baptist (Missionary) — Rev. C. Durham, pastor. Preach-
ing every Sunday at 11 o'clock a. m. and 7 o'clock p. m.
Sunday School at 9J o'clock. Young men's prayer meeting
at 3 o'clock p. m. Mangum street.

Presbyterian — Rev. H. T. Darnall, pastor. Preaching every
Sunday at 11 o'clock a. m. and 7 o'clock p. m. Sunday
School at 9^ o'clock. Main street.

St. Philip's (Episcopal) — Services every Sunday at 11 a. m.
and 7 p. m. Sunday School at 10 a. m. Rev. John Husk,
Rector. Main street.

Primitive Baptists — Liberty street. Preaching once a
month. No pastor.

COLORED CHURCHES.

Baptist Church. — S. Railroad street, opp. Redmond's Grove.
Rev. F. H. Wilkerson, pastor.

Methodist Church. — Fayetteville street, Hayti.* Rev. W.
Cook, pastor.

Primitive Baptist. — South Railroad street. Rev. Luke
Webb, pastor.

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.

Methodist Female Seminary, next to Trinity M. E.
church. Mrs. Julia R. Williams, Principal. Teachers— Misses
Lessie Southgate, Addie Holman and Mrs. L. C. Lipscomb.

Durham Female Seminary, Mangum street. Mrs. M. E.
Mahoney, Principal. (See sketch in Addenda.)

Durham Graded School — Main street, opposite the Duke
Factory. Prof. E. W. Kennedy, Superintendent. Teach-
ers— Profs. Thomas J. Simmons and C. L. Dowell, Misses
Lula Freeland, Bessie Fanning, Dora Fanning, Eva Cox
and Mrs. S. T. Morgan.

*A large portion of the city settled almost entirely by the colored people.

Durham Business Directory. 235

ATTORNEYS AT LAW.

Messrs. Manning & Manning, E. C. Hackney, C. B. Green,
W. W. Fuller, T. M. Argo, R. C. Strudwick and Jolm M.
Moring.

COLORED SCHOOLS.

Ledger Public School, Hayti. Miss — Ledger, Super-
intendent.

Hack Road Public School— James Whitted, Superin-
tendent.

GENERAL MERCHANDISE.

G. C. Farthing, Main and Depot streets. Assistants. — J. R.
Patterson, Bookkeeper; Thos. B. Farthing, W. S. Farthing
and J. R. Proctor, Clerks.

W. Halliburton, ss. Main, between Manguni and Church
streets.

W. K. Styron & Son, Main street, opposite Post Office.

A. M. Rigsbee, ne. corner Main and Mangum streets. As-
sistants.—W. H. Proctor, Bookkeeper ; S. A. Dickson and
S. J. Lewter, Clerks.

W. G. Gates, Main street. J. H. Berry and A. H. Woods,
Clerks.

JOHN L. MARKHAM, dealer in heavy and fancy gro-
ceries, dry goods, notions. Also agent for the most popular
fertilizers, se. cor. Main and Mangum streets. Assistants —
W.E.Foster, Bookkeeper; H. H. Markham, J.W.Jones,
J. J. Thaxton, G. W. Barnes, R. R. Puryear, A. G. Elliot,
Freeland Markham and H. P. Markham, Clerks; R. S.
Ross, Storage House Manager ; Richard Daniel, Porter.

Rogers & Co— Plant Building, Main street. W. D. Hen-
don, Clerk.

J. W. Tatum, ss. Main street. W. H. Moore and C. H.
Umstead, Clerks.

S. E. Watts, ss. Main street. R. R. Moore, Clerk.

0. B. Foushee, Stokes Building. T. J. Winston, Clerk.

C. J. & W. M. Rogers, cor. Parrish and Mangum streets.
Assistants.— J . J. Bernard, Bookkeeper ; S. M. D. Parrish, W.
M. Clayton, C. R. Cross and A. L. Wiggins, Clerks; Alex.
Morgan, Porter.

Dwellings and Farm Property Insured by J. Southgate & Son.

236 History of Durham.

T. Y. Monk & Co., Rigsbee Block, ss. Main street. W. L.
Cooper, Bookkeeper; W. G. W. Terry and J. B. Bernard,
Clerks.

W. Mangum & Son, Mangum, between Railroad and
Main streets.

Rawl's N. Y. Cash Store, Main street.

S. R. PERRY, dealer in heavy and fancy groceries, and
general merchandise. John C. Bailey, Bookkeeper; Frank
M. Carlton, Clerk.

W. M. O'Daniel & Son, corner Church and Main streets.

INSURANCE COMPANIES.

The following companies are represented by J. Southgate
& Son, Durham, N. C:

(Connecticut, of Hartford, Connecticut.

City of London, of London.

Equitable Life Assurance Society, of New York.

Fire Association, of Philadelphia.

Germania, of New York.

German American, New York.

Georgia Home, of Columbus, Georgia.

Hartford, of Hartford.

London Insurance Company, of London.

London & Lancashire, Liverpool.

Niagara, of New York.

North Carolina Home, Raleigh, North Carolina,

North British & Mercantile, of London.

Northern Association Co., of Aberdeen and London.

New York Home.

Phoenix Association Company, of London.

Phoenix Association Company, of Hartford, Connecticut.

Phenix Insurance Company, of Brooklyn, New York.

Royal Insurance Company, of England.

Rochester German, of Rochester, New York.

Scottish Union and National, of London.

Underwriters, of New York.

Travelers' Accident, of Hartford, Connecticut.

Virginia Home, of Richmond.

Virginia Fire and Marine, of Richmond.

The following companies are represented by J. J. Mackay,
Durham, N. C:

Liverpool Life Insurance Company.

A POLICY IN THE EQUITABLE GIVES THE BEST INDEMNITY.

Durham Business Directory. 237

Insurance Company of North Carolina.
Mutual Reserve Company of North Carolina.
Liverpool, London and Globe.
Lyon Insurance Company.
North Western, of Mihvaukie.
The Penu Mutual.

HOTEL AND BOARDING HOUSES.

Hotel Claiborn, corner Railroad and Depot streets, A. J.
Rutjes, proprietor.

Mrs. P. J. Anglea, Main street.
J. W. Watts, Main street.
C. G. Younger, Main street.
J. M. Baucom.
J. P. Bradshaw, s. of Depot.

RESTAURANTS.

J. G. Vickers, old post office corner.

Majigie Bush, Railroad street, near depot.

F. P. Clapps, es. Mangum, near Railroad street.

Alice Crenshaw & Co., Mangum, near Railroad street.

DRY GOODS.

A. Mohsberg, n. Main street.

E. Goldstein, ss. Main ; D. Kaufman, Bookkeeper.

H. Mohsberg, ss. Main ; Simeon Fleishman, Bookkeeper.

C. Summerfield & Co., Duke Building, ss. Main. Em-
ployees—W. W. Kivett, F. Freeland, L. Marks and T. H.
Lyon.

Jacob Levy, ss. Main. Employees — J. C. Bowers, Frank
Hunter and Julius Michael.

R. M. Mclutire, ns. Main. Employees — W. B. McGary
and Charles Styron.

0. E. Rawls, ns. Main ; W. L. Franklin and Edgar Rawls,
Clerks.

MILLINERY.

Mrs. A. M. Smith, Robinson Block, ns. Main. Assistants —
Misses Mamie Smith, Julia Albright and Bettie Albright.
Mrs. John S. Meslej' — formerly Lougee & Mesley— us. Main.
Misses McCarty & Tyler, Stokes Building, ns. Main.

NO CO-OPERATIVE Insurance can be had of J. SOUTHGATE& SON,

238 History of Durham.

COMMISSION MERCHANTS.

S. T. MORGAN, Mangyin street, dealer in Farmer's Sup-
plies and Fertilizers ; Fred. D. Fanning, Bookkeeper, and
W. C. Thaxton, Clerk.

Webb & Parker, Manguni street. General Commission
Merchants.

INSURANCE AGENCIES.

JAMES SOUTHGATE & SON, cor. Main building,
Rigsbee and Mangum ; Wm. H. McKabe, Policy Clerk and
Bookkeeper, and W. J. Holloway, Assistant Clerk.

J. J. MACKAY, Tatum Building, N. Main; Charles Mc-
Gary, Assistant.

STONE AND MARBLE WORKS,

R. J. Rogers, Proprietor, ss. Main, between Depot and
Green streets. Employees — J. B. Whitaker, J. C. Smith, C.
H. Huliu, George Evans and Frank Dave.

SOUTHERN EXPRESS COMPANY.

John L. Markham, Agent. OflSce — corner Main and Man-
gum streets.

FURNITURE DEALERS.

B. L. DUKE & CO., SS. Main street. D. M. Carlton, Book-
keeper, and John Laws, Jr., Clerk.
M. C. Herndon & Co., ns. Main street.

FERTILIZER COMPANIES.

DURHAM BULL FERTILIZER COMPANY. S. T.
Morgan, President; Eugene Morehead, Vice-President and
Treasurer; E. E. Thompson, Superintendent Factory, and
Fred. D. Fanning, Bookkeeper.

Home Fertilizer, Upshur Guano,'Peruvian Guano, ALLI-
SON & ADDISON STAR BRAND, Southern Fertilizer Co.,
Anchor Brand.

ONLY GENUINE INSURANCE CAN BE HAD OF J. Southgate & Son.

Durham Business Directory. 239

G. OBER & SONS CO , Patapsco, Pacific, Zills and Grap-
lin, Piedmont, Norfolis: Fertilizer and Insecticide.

HARDWARE DEALERS.

C. C. TAYLOR, ns. Main. A choice and complete hard-
ware line — stoves, &c.

ROBERTSON, LLOYD & CO. Mangum, between Rail-
road and Main streets. A full line of best goods.

G. E. Lougee, Main street.

HARNESS AND SADDLERY.

Richard Dowdy, Mangum street. Work executed with
promptness and unexcelled efficiency.
Levi Houston, ss. Main street.
J. D. Wilbon, bet. Main and Depot streets.

BOOKSTORE AND STATIONERY.

DIKE BOOKSTORE— James Dike, proprietor, nw. cor. of
Main and Mangum streets. Assistants— Wm. M. Mahoney,
H. J. Darnall, Misses Alice K. Rawls and E M. Harden.

SASH, DOOR AND BLIND FACTORIES.

WILLIAM MANGUM, Green street, in rear of Banner
Warehouse.

P. J. MANGUM, Railroad street, below Pine.

WILKERSON, CHRISTIAN & CO., junction of Railroad
and Green streets.

WATCHMAKERS AND JEWELERS.

S. F. Gardner, ns. Main, between Church and Mangum
streets.

C. F. Postley, ss. Main, between Church and Mangum

streets.

UNDERTAKERS AND CABINET MAKERS.

Willis Mangum, Church, one door below Main and De-
pot streets.

W. R Howerton & Bro., Mangum street.
P. J. Mangum, Railroad street, below Pine.

NO SHODDY INSURANCE ISSUED BY SOUTHGATE & SON.

240 History of Durham.

JOB PRINTING OFFICES.

J. B. Whitaker, .Jr., nw. cor. of Main and Mangum streets.
Bronze work a specialty.

H. E. Seeman, Post Office Building, Main, between Church
and Mangum streets.

LIVERY AND EXCHANGE STABLES.

A. A. SEARS, Main, between Depot and Green streets.
ALLEN JONES & CO. Located just in the rear of
Lyon's Tobacco Factory.

W R. HERNDON, rear of Howerton's Carriage Shop.

CARRIAGE AND WAGON FACTORIES.

R. T. Howerton & Bro., n. Mangum street.
Henry Seeman & Son, us. Railroad street.

BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS.

T. S. CHRISTIAN, T. C. Oakley and John A. Bivins.

STEAM AND GAS FITTERS.

C. J. O'Brien & Co., the old Kemper corner.

MERCHANT TAYLOR.

CHAS. H. LEWELLIN, corner Main and Church sts.

DENTIST.

Dr. L. B. Henderson, Rooms over Dr. Carr's Drug Store,
Main street.

HERBALIST.

Dr. Chas. Grayson, Railroad street, near N. C. Depot.

PHOTOGRAPHERS.

C. W. RocHELLE, ss. Main, between Church and Mangum
streets. All work neatly and handsomely executed.

H. Murphey, ss. Main, between Depot and Mangum street.

TAKE NO INSURANCE BUT THE VERY BEST.

Durham Business Directory. 241

FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP.

Blount & Hanks, Railroad street, above Depot.
McMannen & Carriugtou, Cora Street Smut and Screen-
ing Machine Works.

TONSORIAL ARTISTS.

Wright & Merritt, ss. Main, one door from Mangum. street.
Assistants.— R. Terrell, Jas. Y. Allen and W. Wright.

H. W. Brown, Mangum street.

Jas. W. Murchison, corner Main and Mangum streets.
Assistants. — Virgil Reid and Spot Sanford.

CANDY FACTORY.

J. H. Gresham, Barbee Building, ss. Main, near Church
street.

BLACKSMITH SHOPS.

HENRY SEEMAN & SON, Railroad, near Church

CHARLES HOLLOWAY, Railroad street, adjacent
Messrs. Seeman & Son.

HUCKSTERS AND MEAT VENDERS.

J. T. Watts, Mangum street.
B. J. Odens,
John Paschall, "

BRICKYARDS.

No. 1— South of Baptist church. W. A.Watson, Mana-
ger and Contract Agent. Manufacturing at present writing
for Durham Woollen Mills and Court House.

No. 2— Southeast of Durham. Wm. H. Smith, Manager.
Manufacturing at this writing 1,500,000 for W. Duke Sons
& Co.'s new Tobacco Works.

No. 3 — Three and a quarter miles west of Durham on
the N. C. Railroad. R. G. Fitzgerald, Manager.

ASSESSMENT INSURANCE IS A WASTE OF MONEY.

242 History of Durham.

No. 4 — East of Darham, on N. C. Railroad. G. W. Long,
Manager. Making brick for the Cotton M'f'g. Co., main
building and tenement houses.

No. 5 — West of Durham, on the Chapel Hill road. R. B.
Fitzgerald, Manager. Orders in hand for 2,000,000 bricks.

No. 6 — East of Durham, on the Oxford road. D. Z.
O'Brien, Proprietor.

No. 7— Southeast of city. W. H. & C. E. J. Goodwin,
Proprietors.

No. 8— South street, at city limits. B. W. Matthew, Pro-
prietor.

LIQUOR DEALERS.

D. A. Barnwell, dealer in Wines, Whiskeys, Cigars, etc.
Keeps also a Billiard Table.

S. R. Carrington, corner Depot and Mangum streets.

J. T. Mallery— "Old Chunk"— Parrish, near Depot street.

J. B. Gooch, Mangum street, near Railroad.

JAMES DIKE, A. M.

On the banks of the Kennebec, in the City of Bath,
Maine, the subject of our sketch was born, on the 27th day
of June, 1848. His father, the Rev. Samuel F. Dike, D. D.,
gave him the advantages of the best educational training,
from the time he was old enough to attend school, till he
graduated at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me., at the age
of twenty-one. On leaving college, he engaged in teaching,
and had every grade of experience from the rustic district
school to an important position in the Boston Latin School,
the oldest institution of learning in the United States, being
founded in 1635. In 1876, Mr. Dike married Miss E. J.
Loring, daughter of Mr. B. T. Loring, a merchant of Bos-
ton, Mass.

While teaching, Mr. Dike's health became impaired
through overwork, and he was obliged to give up his duties
temporarily. The School Committee of Boston, in appre-
ciation of his services, presented him with one thousand
dollars and six months' vacation, that he might regain his
strength. At the close of this period, Mr. Dike undertook
his duties, but again breaking down he resigned hi-s posi-

PROVIDE AGAINST ACCIDENTS BY Insuring WITH J. SOUTHGATE & SON

DuEHAM Business Directory. 243

tion. Desiring to avoid the harshness of a northern win-
ter, Mr. Dike, with his wife, came South to spend a few
weeks. Under the influences of the change of climate, he
improved in health so rapjidly, that he shortly looked about
for some occupation that would enable him to remain for a
length of time and reap the full benefit of the climate.
Having lived among books all his life, it naturally occurred
to him to open a bookstore, as most congenial to his tastes.
He opened a store in Greensboro, N. C , whither he had first
gone, and placed upon the shelves 890 wcrth of goods, ob-
tained on credit from two ol the town merchants. One not
to be forgotten day, his sales reached a total of 25 cents,
and this was after standing in the store more than ten hours,
without making one sale. Nevertheless his business grew,
and at the end of the year, he rt-moved with his family to
Durham, N. C, as a wider field seemed to be opened. The
only store he could find for rent was a large wooden build-
ing, not favorably located for business. At various times
Mr. Dike moved his store, bettering his position as far as
possible. Last December a store-room was prepared for
him in the new brick building on the corner of Main and
Mangum streets. This location is unsurpassed in Durham,
and it has been said by travellers that his bookstore is one
of the handsomest and best arranged in the State.

Mr. Dike has been in Durham about seven years, and in
all that time has striven hard to place before the people a
selection of books of the highest literary merit, and has
sternly set his face against corrupting literature. It has
not been possible to keep as full an assortment of books as
might be done in a larger community, but every facility
has been offered to the people to obtain promptly any book
published in any city. A varied line of stationery and
artistic goods form a part of his stock.

It is no small advantage that the town has had these
privileges from its early growth, and it is to he hoped that
only good results may f jUow from the earnest efforts that
have been made.

THE WHITTED TOBACCO WORKS.

Mr. Whitted is a gentleman of extensive experience in^

Provide against Accidents by insuring with J. SOUTHGATE & SON.

244 History of Durham.

the manufacture of plug, twist and granulated smoking
tobaccos. Engaged in the manufacture of tobacco at Hills-
boro in the year of 1859, and is a pioneer of this great in-
dustry of the State. To the industry and wisdom of such
men as Mr. Whitted may justly be attributed the gratifying
position North Carolina is assuming in the tobacco interests
of America. As a tobacco producing and manufacturing
State, in point of quantity, North Carolina has few superiors,
and in point of quality, she is second to none.

Mr. Whitted continued the manufacture of plug, twist
and granulated smoking tobaccos until April, 1861, when
he enlisted in the Confederate service, being assigned to the
27ih N. C. S. Troops. Participated in nearly all the hard
ficrhting in Virginia. Accompanied General Lee on his
fa^mous raid into Maryland, and was severely wounded in
September, 1863, during the terrific engagement at Sharps-
burg. Although disabled for active field duty he remained
with his command, performing light du.ies, until the close
of hostilities, when he returned home, and once more en-
gaged, in 1867, in his manufacturing enterpise. His various
brands have gained much celebrity and are used through-
out the Union. His principal brands of plug and twist
are— "Ambrosia," "Old North State," "Walter Raleigh,"
"Nat. Macon," "Favorite," and "Ain't it Nice," and of
granulated smoking tobaccos— " Harry Lee" and "Rising
Star." These goods are made of the very best material,
and are guaranteed to be free of drugs and all injurious
concomitants, hence their great reputation and increasing
patronage.

In May, 1884, Mr. Whitted moved his factory to Durham,
where he is now prosecuting his business with great vigor
and success. His factory is located on Factory street, about
fewo hundred yards from the railroad depot, and is amply
furnished with all the necessary modern appliances, which
are of the best quality. Mr. Whitted is an enterprising, in-
dustrious and affable gentleman, and we bespeak for him
an abundant success.

iNQUIRK ABOUT CTCLONE INSURANCE BY WRITING TO J. SOUTHGATB & SON.

Advertisemefts.

245

CHAS. H. LEWELLIN,
MERCHANT TAILOR !

Keeps ill stock the finest
line of goods for

Gentlemen's Wear

ever exhibited in this section,
and is prepared to make them
up in the most satisfactory
and elef^ant styles, equal to
any Tailor North or iSouth.

Cheap as the Cheapest.

Will continue business in
despite of oiiposition, and
will do all he can to please
his patrons.

Roherson Block Corner,
Durham, X. ('.

ROYAL INS. COMPANY

(Of Liverpool.)
Assets, - - - $4,187,679.

J. SOUTHGATE & SON,
Agents.

Durham, N. C.

T. M. ARGO,

ATTORNEY- AT-I^AW,

RALEIGH, N. C.

Practices in the State and
Federal Courts, and specially
in Durham, Wake, Orange
and Alamane counties.

OLD CHUNK!

Clay Street, Durham, N. C, dealer in

Pure Whiskies and Brandies !

Copper Distilled, from one
to thirteen years old.

MANUFACTURED AND SOLD

exclusively by himself.

He is shipping it by Ex-
press all over the different
States for Medical purposes.
All who buy once buy again.
J. T. MALLERY,

Proprietor.

J. M. BAUGOM,

DURHAM, >. C,

Hasjnst fitted up and am-
ply furnished a

Firsl-Class Boarding Honsc,

on South Street. His table
will always be furnished with
Tlie Best Hie Market Affords.
U^" He also has for sale
on reasonable terms, a very

Desirable Farm,

in the Southern part of Dur-
ham county, nine miles from
the city of Durham.

NORTH BRITISH AND

MERCANTILE

(of LONDON.)

ASSETS, - - $3,264,426.

J.Southgate & Son,Agts.,
Durham, N. C.

246 History of Durham.

The Old Travelers' Accident Ins. Co.,

OF HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT:

ASSETS, $7,435,987,

J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents.
Durham, N. C.

C. V/. ROCHELLE,
PHQJTQGRAPHK RM gRMm ARTIST,

opposite Post-Office, Main St., DurJiani, N. C,
Copying and enlarging a Speciality. Bear in miiu]

that ROCHELLE'6 is leading Gallery, and that he intends
to make it First Class in every respect °^^

MANNING & MANNING,
attorneys at Lav^,

DURHAM, N. C.
I^^^AU business promptly attended to.^.^5|

5ews and Observer^

DAILY AND WEEKLY, RALEIGH, N. C.

The Leading Oemocratic Journal

OF NORTH CAROLINA.

Important Market Reports, Statistics and General In-
telligence from all parts of the World. S. A. ASHE, Ed-
itor." Subscription : Daily $7.00 per annum; Weekly
$2.00 per annum.

PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT RALEIGH, N. C.

Democratic in Politics.

Devoted to the Material, Moral and Educational Interests

of North Carolina.

R A. SHOTW ELL, Editor AND Proprietor.

Subscription, - - - - ^2.00 per annum.

Ada ertisements.

247

Sitting Bull.

THE (iRlGINAL

Durham Loug Cut,

AND

POGUE'S

jURHAM ci&arette;^.

Mamifactured by

E. H. Po^ue & Sou,

Durham, N. C.

HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT,
ASSETS, $4,541,239.

J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents,
Durham, N. C.

wkUii.^

Remington Standard

TYPE- WRITERS.

S^REMII^GTONyK;

yfff^^

Every Merchant, Lawyer, Book-
Keeperand Minister shouKl have one.
Send for V/ircular,

MORTON W. REED, Agent.
Durham, N. C.

Equitable Life Assurance Society

NEW YORK:
ASSETS, $53,030,581.

Wrote more than Eighty one Millions of New Business
during year 18S3.

J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents,

l5urham,N. C.

248 History of Durham.

P. H. MAYO & BRO.,

Tobacco Manufacturers,

RICHMOND, VIRGINIA.

[Established iu 1830 by Robt. A. Mayo.]

ORIGINATORS OF

NAVY TOBACCO,

OF WHICH THEY MAKE A

ggr SPECIALITY IN ALL SIZES AND C0L0RS.=@3i

mMWEwm ©mai^M^

DURHAM, N. C,

Dealer in Leaf Tobacco.

[Estalished in 1875.]

^^^ Prompt attention given to all orders and satisfaction

guaranteed. =^^

NEW YORK UNDERWRITERS' AGENCY,

HANOVER AND CITIZENS,'

Assets, $3,699,794.

J. SOUTHGATE & SON, Agents,

Durham, N. C

Advertisements.

249

LONDON

AND

LANCASHIRE

(Of Liverpool.)

Assets, - - - $1,398,546.

J. SOUTHGATE & SONS,
Agents,

Durham, N. C.

PHGENIX INS. COMPANY

Hartford, Conn.,
Assets, - - - $4,435,000.

T. SOUTHGATE & SON,
Agents,

Durham, N. C.

The Tobacco Plant,

DURHAM, N, C.

[ESTA)!LISHEn IN 1S72.]

A Sterling Democratic and Trade Weekly Newspaper, devoted to the best
interests of North Carolina. Largest circulation of any pajier in middle Caro-
lina. Subscription $1.50 per year. Advertising terms lilieral.

C. B, GBEEX, Editor and Broprietor,

Fire Association of Philadelphia,

ASSETS, $4,279,676.

REniESENTED BY

J. SOUTHGATE & SON,
Durham, N. C.

BOOKS ! BOOKS!
North Carolina Headquarters

:»

,l®^»

® WW

Book ©tore,

RALEIGH, N. C.

We can supply all your wants at

Lowest Prices.

2o0

History of Dcrham,

T. K. CHILDREY.

A. M. LYON.

Nos. 1434 and 1436, cor. Caiy and 15th Streets,

RICHMOND, VA.,

TOBACCO MAjYUFACTURIA'G COMPAJVY

ALL GRADES

Pkg, Twist and Smoking Tobaccos.

CLOTH OF GOLD,
PEACH BLOSSOM.
BEST OF ALL,

A^"CHOR, SUNNY SOUTH,

SULTANA, GLEANER,

BIRD IN HAND, FLORA BELL, &c.

^mi

DURHAM, N. C.

Leaf Tobacco Broker

All orders, of whatever grade, promptly filled and

Sa^tisfa^ction (3-Tj.a.ra.nteed..

Deals Exclusively in the Celebrated Tobacco grown in
the "Golden Belt of North Carolina."

Advertisements. 251

LAW. LOTTIER, Manufacturer. I

CO
PI

•rH
O

Durham, Silver Coin

AND

GOLD ROLL

Brands of Plug Tobacco, also of the latest
success

OLICE

two

^ jy lyi lif ®

Richmond, Virginia.

2.
p

DIKE'S

School Books of every kind on hand, or promptly supplied to order.

Stor)'^Books, Magazines and Newspapers, Hymn Books and Pocket Bibles,
Children's Toy Books, Family Bibles, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias.

Writing Paper in various styles, such as Legal Cap, Bill Cap, Foolscap, Let-
ter and Ladies' Note Paper.

Albums, Scrap Books, Papeteries, Ink, Pencils, Pens, &c., &c,

Pnpcr Bags at wholesale.

In our Music Department

We can furnish any article from a Violin String to a Piano or a Church
Organ. Violins, Guitars, Accordeons, Banjos.

Z^A superior lot of Violin, Guitar and Banjo Strings just received at low
Prices.

252

History of Durham.

THE SEARS'
LIVERY

EXCHANGE STABLES.

MR. A. A. SEARS,

The popular and courteous Proprietor,
settled in Durham in the year 1838,
and attended school two years. In
1870 he engaged in the manufacture of

Smoking' Tobacco,

In co-partnership witli Mr. T. B. Mor-
ris, their only brand being

" The Star."

He continued in this business until
1872, when he opened his

Livery and Exchange
Stables,

■which are certainly tlie

MOST COMPLETE
in all their departments of any Estab-
lishment of the kind in the State.
jKff=-The Stables are situated on Main,
between Depot and Green streets,

Daiiiam, 3f. C.

YOUNG ER'S

Boarding and Lodging House,

Main Street, bet. Church
and Mangum, Durham, N.
C, on tlie

European Plan.

p^^ Tables always supplied
with the Best the Market
affords. =^^

Transient board

$1.00 per day,

including lodging.

C. G. YOUNGER,

Proprietor.

B. L. DUKE & CO.'S

HEADQUARTERS

For all kinds of

FURNITURE

and

Undertaker's Supplies.

g^^ Call and examine qual-
ity and prices.

Durham, N. C.
NORTHERN ASSURANCE C'O.,

ABERDEEN AND LONDON,

ASSETS, $1,296,426.

J. SOUTHGATE & SON,

Agents,

Durham, N. C.

SUPERIOR WORK !

CHARLES HOLLA\YAY

OPENED A

First-Class Blacksmith Shop

On Railroad St., Durham, in
1878, and ever since has been
turning out First-Class work

At Reasonable Prices.

Best Temperer in Durham.

Advertisements. 253

R. T. HOTTgEERTOH d^ BRO.^

Keep constantly on hand a choice stock of

UNDERTAKER'S COOPS.

The Carriage TIpTIQIitlllpllt is complete in all its details and only f/»e
and Bu^gy UOPul lUlulll Very Best Material Used.

RKPAIRI>iG A SI>ECIAI,TY.

Prompt attention paid to all orders. aII work executed with dispatch and in
the most skillful manner.

ALLEN, JONES & CO.,

COKNEK

PINE AND CORA STREETS,
DURHAM, N. C,

HAVE FITTED UP FIRST CLASS

LIVERY AND EXCHANGE STABLES»

F'or the accommodation of the puhlic, at very nioflerate prices. Then
Livery is unexcelled In all its details. All orders tilled with promptness and
dispatch. Orders respectfully solicited and entire satisfaction guaranteed.

03L.ID I^ELI-^BLE,

MAIN STREET, DURHAM, X. C,

r»EALERS IX

Heavy and Fancy Groceries, Dry Goods, Boots and
Shoes, and General Merchandise.

ALSO A CHOICE STOCK OF

Crockery, Cutlery, Etc.
The Oldest Merchant in Durham.

E. IB. xjTL:Er5r, is/l. id..

Offers liis Professional Services to the citizens of Durham
and surrounding country.

SUi[GE[[Y i DISEASES OF CH1LDI[EN A SPECIALTY,

Prompt attention given to all calls ivlietlier in or out of the city.

Office at G. B. Montague's Drug Store. Main between Church and Mangum
Streets.

254

Advertisements.

PERRY,

DEALER IX

DRY GOOBS, STAPLE MD FANCY GROCERIES,

I have a large and varied assortment of

Canned Goods, Bacon, Lard, Meal, Flour, Pickles, Cof-
fee and Su^ar.

In fact you -will find at my store everything usually kept in a first class Dry
Goods and Grocery Store. In matter of price we cannot be undersold. Al!
goods promptly delivered free, and jiuaranteed as to quality and price.

S. R. PERRY, Durham, N. C.

Established iu 1874.

P. J. MANGUM,

RAILROAD STREET BELOW PINE,

MANUFACTURER OF

Sasl, Boors, BliMs ai Mollis

OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS.
All work executed witli promptness and in the most workmanlike manner.
REPAIRING A SPECIALTY.

Also all kinds of work usually executed by ^Lrst Class O-^^iaertafeers
Also all ^i°'^^^^M>^=_'t^'-4l ica32:ers- Satisfaction guaranteed.

Robert Dymott.

C. J. O'Brien.

C.J. O'BRIEN &C0,,

Old Kemper Corner, Durham, N. C,

PLUMBERS i STEM I GAS FITTEBS.

Eirst Class Workmen and laterial

ALL ORDERS FILLED WITH

Promptness, Neatness and Dispatch.

ORDERS RESPECTFUEI^r SOEICMTEn.

SatisfactioH in Every Respect Guaranteed.

Advertisements.

255

EST A B L I S H E I) I X 1 S :i 7 .

FOR FINE BRIGHT TOBACCO and ALL CROPS USE

sr & Sois Gompiiy's lw\i\ Coipifl,

MA.XUF VCTl EEI) AT BALTI310KE, Ml)., BY

C. Ober $t Sons Company.

ILVr/riMOUE, >rp., February 1st, lS8J.-We desire to exleinl onr most hearty
congratulations to tlie ^rrowcrs t)f bright Tol)nceo— not only im account ol the
present high prices uf tlioir st;iplo, hut lor the hriglit proniise of fuluie rewar I
to thoi?e who grow GOOD, FIN'i-;. and FANCY Tol).icco. The Iiternal Hcveimc
Department of the United Slates shows that for the past fl%-e years the pniduc-
tion of Tobacco in tlic United .states has not equalled consumption in tlie Slatefe;
and exports; as a coii!?e(iuence the Tohacco markets of the world are gr-'Qtly re-
duced in stocks; particnhuly is this the casewitli HUKillT TOHAC\ < >. wl'.icli
has grown in favor vear hv vear the worM ov<t 'Tis even said that nne ^vh()
has once used the FLl'E-CUKED MRIGHT TOBACCO of Virginia and Xoith
Carolina becomes so attached to its delicate flavor tiiai lie can neve*- be induced
to use any other when that is obt^iinalile. Indeed, there is no ot I ler staple crop
grown that now holds out such proniise of profit. With these flattering jiros-
pecls for the future, it behooves every grower rif YKLl.OW TOI5Al'CO loniake
every pound he can, and to bo sure to secur.^ an OLD, KELIAHLK, and TRIEU
Fertilizer. The almost unparalelled success that has attended tlieuseofour
Fertilizer in the past, shows tlint it is just the food required for growing GOOD.
FINE, and FANCY HKIGIIT TOBACCO. It is made only from the best mate-
rial, and is rich iu Soluble i'hosphate, Ammonia, and Totash, beautifully and
unifornily combined; fine, dry, and in prime condition for drilling, and HAS
NO SUPERIOR, if an ci)Ual, lor the i>rrduction of Bright Yellow Tobacco, and
equals any Fertilizer lor the various other crops grown in Virginia and North
Carolina.

In rear of Howerton's Carriage Shop,

r)UR,H:A.:M:, isr, o„

A First Class and Complete Livery Line.

An experience of many years in handling and managino
liorses, has given iiim a practical knowledge in his

line nnsurpappcd hy any man in the State.
.Vll Orders are Atlciulod to ^vith rroinplncss and DisputoJi.

Employs only such Assistants as are th roushly
versed in the business.

250

A DVERTISEMENTS.

Factory Street, Durhafn, N, C,

MANUFACrrREJiS OF ALL GRADES OF

FlM aiii fwlst

cos

AND FINE GRADES OF

amilatei Ssukb Tobacoo.

ALL GOODS GUARANTEED

First Class in Every Respect

FINE GOODS A SPECIALTY.

SMOKE

Jl b i^ h # b a

Cigtirettes and Long Cnt,

Manufactured by

SIEGEL BROTHERS,

H. A. REAMS,

DURHAM, N. C.

Bright Tobaccos a specially and deals extensively in bright scrap.
Has sold more than 40,000,000 ponnds of Leaf Tobacco in twelve years.
Refers to Eugene Morehead & Co., Bankers, and W. T. Blackwell, Banker,
Durham, N. C.

Home Insurance Company

ASSETS, $7,492,751

J. 80UTIK4ATE & SON, Agknt.s,
Durlumi, N. (I

JP'

Rev. W. H. MILBURN

&ty. W. H. MiiBua.N, D.O., the famous
l>Und preacher, write.
New York, April 3d, 1884
For ten or twelve years 1 have
used Bl; ckwell's Durham Smok-
ing Tobacco, and founu it the
most satisfactory of all I have
tried. I gave Thomas Carlyle a
pound of it, as we often smoked
together, and he warmly praiseJ
it. I have found no tobacco on
c:u..r continent that compares
wiiu ' Vou'^ truly.

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